Section 7 Chapter 17 Inherited change

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Last updated 2:02 PM on 6/5/26
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11 Terms

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Define the following:

Genotype, phenotype, allele, locus, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, codominant, autosomal linkage, epistasis, gene pool, allele frequency:

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<p>Definitions:</p>

Definitions:

Epistasis: The expression of one gene masks the effect of another gene

<p>Epistasis: The expression of one gene masks the effect of another gene</p>
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Monohybrid inheritence:

Described the inheritance of one gene.

<p>Described the inheritance of one gene.</p>
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Dihybrid inheritence

The inheritence of two genes.

<p>The inheritence of two genes.</p>
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To test the significance through the dihybrid cross:

  • Chi squared test is used to test for significance 

  • If the p< 0.05 we reject H0, there is sufficient evidence that the difference is significant 

  • There is less than 0.05 probability that this has occurred due to chance 

  • The degrees of freedom: the total phenotypes - 1 (so in image there are 3 degrees of freedom)

<ul><li><p class="Paragraph SCXW201424951 BCX0" style="text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 20.925px;"><span>Chi squared test is used to test for significance&nbsp;</span></span></p></li></ul><ul><li><p class="Paragraph SCXW201424951 BCX0" style="text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 20.925px;"><span>If the p&lt; 0.05 we reject H0, there is sufficient evidence that the difference is significant&nbsp;</span></span></p></li></ul><ul><li><p class="Paragraph SCXW201424951 BCX0" style="text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 20.925px;"><span>There is less than 0.05 probability that this has occurred due to chance&nbsp;</span></span></p></li><li><p class="Paragraph SCXW201424951 BCX0" style="text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 20.925px;"><span>The degrees of freedom: the total phenotypes - 1 (so in image there are 3 degrees of freedom)</span></span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Key points for codominance:

  • When both alleles are expressed, as both are dominant.

<ul><li><p>When both alleles are expressed, as both are dominant.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Key points for autosomal linkage:

  • An autosome is a chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome, when two or more genes appear on a chromosome this is called an autosomal linkage

  • Autosomal linkage without crossing over, 3:1

  • Autosomal linkage with crossing over, 9:3:3:1

  • Autosomes in homologous pairs always contains the same genes, may contain different alleles.

  • Why is there not 3:1 ratio?

    • Becuase during meosis crossing over took place, so there is a new combination of gametes resulting in different ratios of phenotypes.

<ul><li><p>An autosome is a chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome, when two or more genes appear on a chromosome this is called an autosomal linkage</p></li><li><p>Autosomal linkage without crossing over, 3:1</p></li><li><p>Autosomal linkage with crossing over, 9:3:3:1</p></li><li><p>Autosomes in homologous pairs always contains the same genes, may contain different alleles.</p></li><li><p>Why is there not 3:1 ratio?</p><ul><li><p>Becuase during meosis crossing over took place, so there is a new combination of gametes resulting in different ratios of phenotypes.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Sex linkage:

XX = Female

XY = Male

Based on sex-linked genes, genes located on a sex chromosome, so allele expression depends on the sex of an individual. For example, more men than women are red-green colour blind.

There is no alleles on Y chromosome!

<p>XX = Female</p><p>XY = Male</p><p>Based on sex-linked genes, genes located on a sex chromosome, so allele expression depends on the sex of an individual. For example, more men than women are red-green colour blind.</p><p>There is no alleles on Y chromosome!</p>
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Key points for Pedigree analysis diagrams:

They show the inheritance of a particular phenotype over several generations.

<p>They show the inheritance of a particular phenotype over several generations.</p><p></p>
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Key information for Epistasis:

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<p>Nice little summary:</p><p>Here:</p><p>1 mark: genes are linked or not linked</p><p>2nd mark: crossing over has taken place (4 geneotypes) OR crossing over has not taken place (2 genotypes)</p><p>3rd mark: Crossing over has not taken place because the genes on the homologous chromosome are close together.</p><p>4th mark: crossing over is rare so a small probability</p>

Nice little summary:

Here:

1 mark: genes are linked or not linked

2nd mark: crossing over has taken place (4 geneotypes) OR crossing over has not taken place (2 genotypes)

3rd mark: Crossing over has not taken place because the genes on the homologous chromosome are close together.

4th mark: crossing over is rare so a small probability

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