HD FINAL

What is Socioeconomic Status (SES)?

A person's position in society based on income, education, and occupation.

What is the difference between a Critical period and a Sensitive period?

A critical period is a specific time when a development must occur, while a sensitive period is a time when development is easiest, but not exclusively limited to that time.

What is a Doula?

A trained professional who provides physical and emotional support during childbirth.

What is a Cesarean Section (C-section)?

A surgical birth where the baby is delivered through an incision in the abdomen and uterus.

What starts labor?

The fetus initiates labor through hormonal signals to the placenta, triggering uterine contractions.

What is a Teratogen?

A substance or factor that can cause birth defects (e.g., alcohol, certain medications).

How many chromosomes do humans have?

46 total chromosomes (23 pairs).

What is Postpartum Depression?

A mood disorder affecting mothers after childbirth, involving sadness, fatigue, and detachment from the baby.

What does the Apgar Scale measure?

It measures a newborn’s health (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration) at 1 and 5 minutes post-birth.

What is the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment?

A test of a newborn’s neurological and behavioral responses to the environment.

What is the Sensorimotor Stage according to Piaget?

A stage of development from birth to 2 years where infants learn through senses and motor actions.

What is a key way to prevent SIDS?

Do not place the baby on their stomach to sleep.

What is Babbling in language development?

An early stage of language development around 6 months, involving repetition of consonant-vowel sounds.

What is the difference between Gross and Fine Motor Skills?

Gross motor skills involve large movements (e.g., walking), while fine motor skills involve small movements (e.g., picking up a coin).

What are synapses?

Intersections between neurons.

What is social referencing?

Responding to facial expressions.

What is Erikson’s First Crisis?

Trust vs. Mistrust, which occurs in infancy.

What does the Blush Test (Rouge Test) measure?

It tests self-awareness in babies.

What are the 4 Types of Attachment identified in attachment theory?

1. Secure, 2. Insecure-Avoidant, 3. Insecure-Resistant, 4. Disorganized.

What method measures attachment according to Ainsworth?

The Strange Situation.

What is the purpose of Myelin?

To speed up neural transmission.

What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refer to in Vygotsky’s theory?

Tasks a child can do with help but not alone.

What is Overregularization in language development?

The application of grammar rules too strictly, such as saying 'runned' instead of 'ran'.

What characterizes the Preoperational Stage according to Piaget?

Ages 2–7; symbolic thinking grows, but logic is limited.

What are the 4 Parenting Styles described by Baumrind?

1. Authoritative, 2. Authoritarian, 3. Permissive, 4. Neglectful/Uninvolved.

What is Reactive Aggression?

Impulsive retaliation to a perceived threat.

What is Dyslexia?

Difficulty with reading despite normal intelligence.

Who proposed multiple intelligences?

Howard Gardner.

What are the types of rejected children?

1. Aggressive-Rejected, 2. Withdrawn-Rejected, 3. Neglected.

What is the difference between Family Structure and Family Function?

Structure relates to legal and genetic relationships, while function relates to how well a family meets needs.

What are 2 universal interferences with family function?

Poverty and high conflict.

What is Parentification?

When a child acts like a parent.

What are the 3 major eating disorders?

1. Anorexia Nervosa, 2. Bulimia Nervosa, 3. Binge Eating Disorder.

What are Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics?

Primary characteristics involve reproduction, while secondary characteristics are visible traits.

What is the Invincibility Fable?

The belief among adolescents that they are immune to harm.

What is the Circadian rhythm related to?

The day-night cycle.

What is Erikson’s stage for adolescents?

Identity vs. Role Confusion.

What is the difference between Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course Persistent Offenders?

Adolescence-Limited offenders are only delinquent during adolescence, while Life-Course Persistent offenders exhibit antisocial behavior throughout life.

What is Identity Moratorium?

Exploring options without commitment.

What is Identity Diffusion?

Lack of direction or commitment.

What is Identity Foreclosure?

Commitment without exploration.

What is Parasuicide?

A non-lethal attempt or gesture of suicide.

What are the 3 body functions protecting Emerging Adults?

1. Strong immune system, 2. Quick reaction time, 3. High organ reserve.

What is Fluid Intelligence?

Problem-solving and quick thinking ability that declines with age.

What is Crystallized Intelligence?

Accumulated knowledge that tends to increase with age.

What does ART stand for?

Assisted Reproductive Technology, such as IVF.

What is a Kinkeeper?

A family member who keeps everyone connected, often an older female.

What are the Big Five Personality Traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.