HD FINAL

Foundational Terms

  • Socioeconomic Status (SES): A person's position in society based on income, education, and occupation.

  • Critical vs. Sensitive Period:

    • Critical period: A specific time when a certain development must occur (e.g., limb development in embryos).

    • Sensitive period: A time when development is easiest, but not exclusively limited to that time (e.g., language learning in early childhood).

Pregnancy & Birth

  • Doula: A trained professional who provides physical and emotional support during childbirth.

  • Cesarean Section (C-section): A surgical birth where the baby is delivered through an incision in the abdomen and uterus.

  • What Starts Labor? The fetus initiates labor through hormonal signals to the placenta, which trigger uterine contractions.

  • Teratogen: A substance or factor that can cause birth defects (e.g., alcohol, certain medications).

  • Chromosomes in Humans: 46 total (23 pairs).

Newborn Assessments & Early Development

  • Postpartum Depression: A mood disorder affecting mothers after childbirth, involving sadness, fatigue, and detachment from the baby.

  • Apgar Scale: Measures a newborn’s health (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration) at 1 and 5 minutes post-birth.

  • Brazelton Neonatal Assessment: Tests a newborn’s neurological and behavioral responses to environment (e.g., reflexes, reactions to stimuli).

  • Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget): Birth–2 years; infants learn through senses and motor actions.

  • Preventing SIDS – What NOT to Do: Do not place the baby on their stomach to sleep.

  • Babbling: Early stage of language development around 6 months, involving repetition of consonant-vowel sounds (e.g., “ba-ba”).

Brain & Motor Development

  • Gross vs. Fine Motor Skills:

    • Gross: Large movements (e.g., walking).

    • Fine: Small movements (e.g., picking up a coin).

  • Intersections Between Neurons: Synapses.

  • Responding to Facial Expressions: Social referencing.

Attachment & Emotional Development

  • Erikson’s First Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy).

  • Blush Test (Rouge Test): Tests self-awareness by placing blush on a baby’s nose and observing if they touch their own nose when looking in a mirror.

  • 4 Types of Attachment:

    1. Secure: Comforted when caregiver returns.

    2. Insecure-Avoidant: Avoids caregiver after separation.

    3. Insecure-Resistant: Upset and not comforted by return.

    4. Disorganized: Mixed or contradictory behaviors.

  • Measuring Attachment: Strange Situation (Ainsworth).

  • Myelin’s Purpose: Speeds up neural transmission.

Cognitive Development & Language

  • ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development): Vygotsky’s term for tasks a child can do with help but not alone.

  • Overregularization: Applying grammar rules too strictly (e.g., “runned” instead of “ran”); shows language learning.

  • Preoperational Stage (Piaget): Ages 2–7; symbolic thinking grows, but logic is limited.

Parenting & Behavior

  • 4 Parenting Styles (Baumrind):

    1. Authoritative: High warmth, high control.

    2. Authoritarian: Low warmth, high control.

    3. Permissive: High warmth, low control.

    4. Neglectful/Uninvolved: Low warmth, low control.

  • Reactive Aggression: Impulsive retaliation to a perceived threat.

  • Dyslexia: Difficulty with reading despite normal intelligence.

Intelligence & Learning

  • Howard Gardner: Proposed multiple intelligences (e.g., linguistic, spatial, musical, interpersonal).

  • Types of Rejected Children:

    1. Aggressive-Rejected: Hostile, disliked.

    2. Withdrawn-Rejected: Shy, anxious.

    3. Neglected (sometimes included): Ignored but not disliked.

  • Family Structure vs. Function:

    • Structure: Legal and genetic relationships (e.g., single parent).

    • Function: How well a family meets needs (e.g., support, stability).

  • 2 Universal Interferences with Family Function: Poverty and high conflict.

Adolescence & Emerging Adulthood

  • Child Acting Like Parent: Parentification.

  • 3 Eating Disorders:

    1. Anorexia Nervosa

    2. Bulimia Nervosa

    3. Binge Eating Disorder

  • Primary vs. Secondary Sex Characteristics:

    • Primary: Involve reproduction (e.g., ovaries, testes).

    • Secondary: Visible traits (e.g., breast development, voice changes).

  • Invincibility Fable: Adolescents believe they’re immune to harm.

  • Day-Night Cycle: Circadian rhythm.

  • Erikson’s Stage for Adolescents: Identity vs. Role Confusion.

  • Adolescence-Limited vs. Life-Course Persistent Offenders:

    • Limited: Only delinquent during adolescence.

    • Persistent: Show antisocial behavior throughout life.

  • Identity Moratorium: Exploring options, no commitment.

  • Identity Diffusion: No direction or commitment.

  • Identity Foreclosure: Commitment without exploration.

Adulthood & Aging

  • Parasuicide: A non-lethal attempt or gesture of suicide.

  • 3 Body Functions Protecting Emerging Adults:

    1. Strong immune system

    2. Quick reaction time

    3. High organ reserve

  • Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence:

    • Fluid: Problem-solving, quick thinking (declines with age).

    • Crystallized: Accumulated knowledge (increases with age).

  • Help with Conception: ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology), e.g., IVF.

  • Kinkeeper: Family member who keeps everyone connected (often an older female).

  • Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN):

    • Openness

    • Conscientiousness

    • Extraversion

    • Agreeableness

    • Neuroticism