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44 Terms
Q: Full atherosclerosis progression chain?
A:
Endothelial injury → LDL oxidation → macrophage uptake → foam cells → SMC migration → fibrous cap → rupture → thrombosis
What starts ALL atherosclerosis?
A: Endothelial dysfunction
What directly forms foam cells?
A: Oxidized LDL + macrophages
What makes a plaque dangerous?
A: Thin fibrous cap + large lipid core
Q: Final event in unstable plaque?
A: Rupture → thrombosis → infarction
Q: Most affected artery in atherosclerosis?
A: Abdominal aorta
Q: Least common site of atherosclerosis?
A: Thoracic aorta
Q: Reperfusion injury mechanism chain?
A:
Oxygen return → ROS burst → Ca²⁺ overload → membrane damage
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Q: Key concept of reperfusion injury?
A: Injury increases AFTER blood flow returns
Q: IHD full disease chain
A:
Plaque rupture → thrombus → partial/complete occlusion → ischemia → infarction
Q: Stable angina mechanism?
A: Fixed stenosis
Q: Unstable angina mechanism?
A: Plaque rupture + partial thrombus
Q: MI mechanism?
A: Complete occlusion → necrosis
Q: First ECG step in ACS exists because?
A: Treatment depends on STEMI vs NSTEMI
Q: Earliest MI change?
A: Loss of contractility (seconds–minutes)
Q: Peak MI rupture time?
A: 3–7 days
Q: Why rupture occurs at 3–7 days?
A: Macrophages digest myocardium → wall weak
Q: Chronic MI outcome?
A: Fibrous scar
Q: Benign HTN vascular change?
A: Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
Q: Malignant HTN vascular change?
A: Onion-skin hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
Q: Malignant HTN hallmark lesion?
A: Fibrinoid necrosis
Q: Target organ in malignant HTN?
A: Kidney
Q: First vasculitis step?
A: Vessel size classification
Q: Large vessel diseases?
A: Takayasu + GCA
Q: Medium vessel diseases?
A: PAN + Kawasaki + Buerger
Q: Small vessel diseases?
A: GPA + MPA + HSP
Q: HBV → ?
A: PAN
Q: HHV-8 → ?
A: Kaposi sarcoma
Q: Vinyl chloride → ?
A: Angiosarcoma
Q: Smoking → ?
A: AAA + Buerger + atherosclerosis
Q: Cyanotic CHD mechanism?
A: Right-to-left shunt
Q: Acyanotic CHD mechanism?
A: Left-to-right shunt
Q: TOF mechanism chain?
A: Pulmonary stenosis → ↓ pulmonary flow → R→L shunt → cyanosis
Q: Transposition mechanism?
A: Parallel circulation (no mixing)
Q: Key difference TOF vs Transposition?
A: TOF = mixing present | Transposition = no mixing
Q: Mitral valve disease leads to?
A: Left-sided congestion (lungs)
Q: Tricuspid valve disease leads to?
A: Right-sided congestion (body)
Q: COPD → right HF chain?
A: Hypoxia → pulmonary vasoconstriction → pulmonary HTN → RV failure