Lab Final - Fungi, Bioethics, and Ecology

fungi

heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms that play roles as decomposers, mutualists, and pathogens

hyphae

microscopic filaments in the fungi

chitin

durable polysaccharide that strengthens the walls of hyphae

septa

cross-walls that divide hyphae into compartments

- fungi give phosphate ions and minerals to plants

- plants give organic nutrients

explain the mycorrhizal relationship between plants and fungi

mycorrhizae

symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi

mycelium

interwoven network of hyphae that infiltrates the food source and increases surface area for absorption; main body of the fungus

haustoria

specialized hyphae in parasitic fungi that penetrate plant cell walls and extract nutrients without breaching the plasma membrane

arbuscules

branched hyphae structures that penetrate the plant cell wall but remain outside the cell membrane but remaining outside the cell membrane, facilitating nutrient exchange; found in mutualistic

chytrids

most primitive fungi that are primarily aquatic, have limited mycelia and produce zoospores with a single flagellum

zoospores

motile, flagellated spores in fungi

zoopagomycetes

parasitic or commensal fungi that form filamentous hyphae and reproduce asexually via non-flagellated wind dispersed spores

mucoromycetes

important fungi decomposers, parasites, pathogens, or mutualists. sexual reproduction can happen in deteriorating conditions. includes arbuscular mycorrhizae-forming clade called glomeromycetes

ascomycetes

sac fungi that vary from yeasts to club fungi and truffles. They have sac-like asci and perform sexual and asexual reproduction

asci

sac-like organ in ascomycetes that produces ascocarps

ascocarps

sexual spores in ascomycetes

basidiomycetes

group that includes mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, and is known for having basidium. Have septa hyphae and are decomposers, often of lignin in wood

basidia

club-shaped cell where karyogamy and meiosis occurs in basidiomycetes

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei in fungi reproduction

cup fungi

fungi in the Ascomycetes group known for their apothecia

apothecia

cup-shaped fruiting body and sexual reproduction structure that produces and disperses spores.

hymenium

fertile tissue layer that contains the spore-production cells and asci; is found in the inner layer of the apothecia

paraphyses

sterile, hair-like filaments found among asci that help support and protect hymenium and retain moisture

excipulum

outer wall of apothecium that forms the body of the cup and provides structural support and protection

coprinus or ink cap mushrooms

example of a Basidiomycete; saprophytic fungi that grow on decaying organic matter; known for deliquescence dispersal.

deliquescence

spore dispersal where the cap and gills self-digest into a black, ink-like liquid as the mushroom matures

pileus

cap of the basidiomycetes that expand as they age and protects gills and reproductive structures

gills or lamella

thin plates located on the underside of the mushroom cap that increase surface area allowing large numbers of spores to be produced and released; hymenium covers the outer surface

gill trama

inner tissue of each gill that provides structure support

stipe

long, slender, hollow structure that supports the cap and transports nutrients to the gills

lichens

symbiotic association between mycobiont (fungi) and photobiont (photosynthetic partner).

ascomycetes

which fungi group is most commonly found in lichens

thallus

vegetative, non-reproducing body of a lichen that is composed of fungal hyphae and photosynthetic partner

endotrophic mycorrhiza or endomycorrhiza

type of mutualistic symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots where fungal hyphae penetrate the root cortical cells of the host plant; plant gives carbs and fungi enhances plant uptake of water and nutrients; formed primarily in the glomeromycetes

arbuscular mycorrhiza

most widespread form of endomycorrhiza, occuring in terrestrial plants

vesicles

swollen hyphal structures that function in storage of lipids and other nutrients and hyphae

rhizopus

genus of fast-growing filamentous fungi in the phylum zygomycetes; saprophytic, coenocytic hyphae, rhizoids, and have both sexual and asexual reproduction

coenocytic

hyphae that lack septa

rhizoids

root-like hyphae that grow downward into the substrate, anchoring the fungus and absorbing nutrients

stolons

horizontal hyphae that connect rhizoids together

sporangiospores

asexual spores

sporangium

spherical structure that produce sporangiophores

zygospores

thick-walled, resistant sexual spores produced by rhizopus during sexual reproduction

plasmogamy

fusion of two fungal hyphae during sexual reproduction

yeasts

unicellular fungi that ferment sugars to produce co2 and alcohol, decompose material, and are used in bread,beer and wine. model organism used in molecular biology and genetics

pseudohyphae

short chains that yeasts sometimes form; help yeast adhere to surfaces and invade substreates

they are constricted points between cells so the cytoplasm is not continuous

why are pseudohyphae not true hyphae

budding

asexual reproduction in yeasts

bud scars

indicates the number of times a yeast has budded

ethics or moral philosophy

concerned with how we decide what is right and what is wrong

bioethics

study of ethics as it related to living things

autonomy

patient has the right to informed consent and refusal for medical procedures if they have appropriate decision-making capacity

nonmaleficence

providers should not intentionally cause harm or injury to a patient or society; the net benefit is to the patient; "do no harm"

beneficence

providers have a duty to directly help others and act in their best interests and take steps to prevent and remove sources of harm from their patients

justice

health care resources should be distributed fairly and equally and/or equitably in society; everyone has equal opportunity for healthcare and is not based on sex, race, religion, etc.

1. autonomy

2. nonmaleficence

3. beneficence

4. justic

4 major principles of bioethics

care

maintenance of healthy, caring relationships between individuals and a community

determining the ethical question

what is the first step in evaluating a bioethical issue?

stakeholders

groups of individuals who may have interest in the ethical topic at hand

justifications

reasons for supporting a position in an ethical problem

ecology

subdiscipline of biology that studies the interaction between organisms and their environment

1. organism

2. population

3. community

4. ecosystem

5. biosphere

what is the hierarchy of life that ecologists focus on from smallest to largest

sampling

collecting data from a smaller portion of a habitat and using that data to represent a larger community

quadrant

square frame that marks a fixed sampling area; useful for studying plants and sessile organisms

species richness

number of species present

they can determine patterns of abundance and diversity and find the dominant and most frequent species

why do ecologists use multiple quadrants within one location

dominant species

species that has the greatest abundance, biomass, or cover in a community; usually has a strong influence on community structure or function

frequency

refers to the species that occurs in the highest number of sampling units, meaning it is the most widely distributed across the study area, regardless of how abundant it is in any one place

transect

straight line across a habitat along which observations are made at regular intervals; useful for studying how organisms change across space or environmental gradients

canopy layer

vegetation layer consisting of mature trees

midstory layer

vegetation layer consisting of young trees called saplings

shrub layer

vegetation layer consisting of shrubs

herbaceous layer

vegetation layer consisting of flowering plants, grasses, and seedings

forest layer

vegetation layer consisting of litter, moss, and lichen