Cognitive Psych Exam 3 (WIP)

pleaseeeee add as you go along

What is a category?

What is a concept

Theoretical approaches to understanding human mental representation of categories

Definitional approach (Classic view)

Meaning on necessary and suffiecient

Implications of the Definitional (Classic) View & category membership

Does any kind of category actually work for the Definitional approach

Problems with the Definitional (classic) view

The Prototype approach- What is a prototype? A real specific thing or what?

Implications of the Prototype approach & its category membership

The Typicality Effect

• Typicality ratings

• Sentence verification (RT)

• Production task (naming)

• Priming (covered in book)

The idea behind the EXEMPLARS theoretical approach to understanding human mental representation of categories

Can the exemplars approach explain typicality effects?

What can the Exemplars theory do that prototype theory can’t?

• variability

• atypical cases

• Ad hoc categories

What’s the deal with the Semantic Network (aka Associative Network) theory?

Where are features most likely stored? (Semantic Network)

Evidence about basic levels being special (Semantic Network)

• Production task (naming)

• Role of expertise?

What are the parts of a semantic network?

Nodes, Links, and Features

Things about a semantic network ***

Symbolic, Hierarchical, Inheritance (cognitive economy), Spreading Activation

Lexical Decision: showed semantic priming (Semantic Network)— Understand what the results were and what that means

Sentence verification task Collins & Quillian

• Understand the experiment and what the RT results mean

What are the Problems of a semantic network view?

What is the Connectionist Network theory approach?

How is the Connectionist Network different from semantic network view?

How is a concept represented in a connectionist network?

Parts of a Connectionist Network ****

Input units, hidden units, and output units

Parallel distributed processing (Connectionist Network)

Learning as change in link weights (connectionist network)

Evidence of the Connectionist Network (similarity to brain?)

Lexical Decision task

Sentence Verification task

Generalized mental representations: schema, script, concept, & stereotype

What is mental imagery? Just vision or what?

What is the history of study of mental imagery?

For Galton’s study of mental imagery, what’s wrong with just using introspection?

For Chronometric studies what is the thing being measured? (hint, it’s RT)

Understand what Spatial representation (depiction) theory says about how visual imagery works

Understand what Propositional (description) theory says about how visual imagery works

What is a proposition?

Mental imagery vs categories study “cats have claws”

Mental scanning Study (picture of a boat and the island map study)

Know the basics of how these studies were done

What did the spatial representations (depiction) theory predict about the results?

What were the main results about RT and how it relates to actual distance on the map?

How can the Proposition (description) theory potentially account for these results? (eg. the boat results)

Mental Zooming (rabbit next to elephant): know the basics

What did the Spatial Representation (depiction) theory predict about the results of mental zooming?

What were the main RT results of mental zooming?

What were the brain data results of Single-cell recording?

fMRI (Le Bihan) on Brain data: What was done? What were the results? Which theory do they support?

What is Aphantasia?

How might Aphantasia be related to the debate between Spatial Representation (depiction) theory and Propositional (description) theory of mental imagery?

What is Hyperphantasia?

Do people with aphantasia or hyperphantasia show any other differences from people with normal mental imagery? (hint: memory)

What is the difference between “visual (object) imagery” and “spatial imagery”?

What are blind peoples results for mental scanning and mental rotation?

Ways that imagery is not exactly like perception?

Understand the study about peoples’ ability to reinterpret ambiguous figures (Chalmers) & what do the results mean

Understand the “boundary extension” phenomenon, and what it means about mental imagery being different from perception

Understand how interpretation (eg effect of verbal labels [eyeglasses vs dumbbell]0) can influence mental imagery that is stored and retrieved from long-term memory

Dual code theory: concrete vs. abstract words, and pictorial vs. verbal codes

Mnemonics using imagery to help long-term memory

What is the Pegword method?

What is the Method of Loci?

Language, major features: symbolic, nested/hierarchical, rule-based, generativity

spoken vs. written language

Differences between animal communication and human language

Psycholinguistics: understand difference between comprehension and production

Structure of language

What are Phonemes?

Do they correspond directly to letters?

(hint: no. but understand the difference)

Are Phonemes the same across languages?

Can babies perceive and produce all of the Phonemes?

Yes

What are Morphemes?

Are Morphemes the same thing as words?

(hint:no)

be able to take a look at a word and say how many morphemes there are

Understand Phonology, orthography, semantics of words

What are homonyms, related to words, there are two types: homophones and homographs?

What are sentences (in regard to structure of language)?

Are there obvious boundaries between word sounds in spoken speech?

(hint: no)

Understand: bottom-up processing vs. top-down processing. There’s likely to be at least one question that tests your understanding of these two ideas

Word frequency (related to comprehending speech)

Prosody (related to comprehending speech)

Categorical perception

Contextual knowledge: overall, context helps us fill in gaps or ambiguities in the incoming sensory info (eg. missing phonemes) AND helps us resolve lexical ambiguity

Phonemic restoration effect: understand the experiments and what their results tell us about language comprehension

Meaning dominacne

Lexical priming [book]

Vision: The McGurk effect

What is syntax (aka grammar)?

Prescriptive vs. descriptive

The most basic structure: noun-phrase +verb-phrase

subject-verb-object is a very common example of that (verb-object is the verb-phrase)

Why is parsing sentences hard? (Hint: what’s the major bottleneck of human cognition?)

What are some strategies that we use to parse sentences?

Late closure (used to parse sentences)

What are garden path sentences, and why do they suggest we use a late closure strategy?

Extralinguistic context: scene, story

What are Pragmatics?

Understand examples of sentences that have problems with syntax vs. problems with semantics

Also: surface structure vs. deep structure

Conversations