Human anat spring final

what are the sensory receptors used for both taste and smell?

chemoreceptors

what are the 5 taste sensations that humans detect

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

in which senses are hair cells important? in which structures is it found?

cochlear; cochlea semicircular canal

moveable, vibrating bones are found in the (outside, middle, inner) of the ear

middle

rods and cones are located in the eye structure that's named

retina

photoreceptors are used in your sense of

vision

which senses use mechanoreceptors

hearing, balance, touch, propeception

what type of tissues is involved with he secretion of milk, sweat, and oil?

epitheliul

hormones are made by the endocrine system, through what system are hormones distributed throughout the body?

circulatory

the posterior pituitary works with the

hypothalamus

cortisol function:

regulate metabolism, responds to stress

luteinizing hormone

triggers ovulation and testorsterone production

prolactin

milk production

calcitonin

lowers blood calcium levels

growth hormone: excess causes: and deficiency causes

promotes growth; gigantism and dwarfism

negative feedback mechanism examples:

body temp, blood Sugar, calcium, homeostasis

diabetes mellitus symptoms:

high blood sugar, urine

type 1 diabetes caused by?

autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

diabetes insipidus

excessive urinating caused by ADH deficiency

what gland secretes sex hormones

Gonads

what is the dense connective tissue that joins two bones

ligament

what is the most prevalent mineral ion stored/released from bones

calcium

examples of long bones:

femur humerus

short bones:

carpals tarsals

what do tendons do

connect muscle to bone

where do blood cells come from

bone marrow

what causes rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune attack on joint

what is osteoporosis

weak/brittle bones

what forms during vigorous exercise (proteins)

actin and myosin

osteoblasts:

build

osteocytes:

maintain

osteoclasts

break

3 general types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

amount of movement they have

fibrous: imoveable, cartilaginous: slightly, synovia: moveable

what happens to actin when a sarcomere contracts? what happens to the myosin? (what shortens/what doesn't? )

myosin binds to actin sarcomere shortens

what % of human plasma is made of proteins?

7%

what element does hemoglobin have

iron

hemoglobin is found in

red blood cells

myoglobin is found in

muscle cells

describe agglutination with examples

dumping of blood cells due to antibodies ex; blood transfusions

if you have type A blood , who can you donate to and who can you receive donations from

donate to A and AB and receive blood from people with A and O blood types

Universal donor

type O- blood

Universal recipient

AB+ blood

what is the biggest artery in the human body

aorta

name the proper order capillaries, arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, heart

heart, arteries, artieroles, capillaries, venules, veins,

what type of cells initiate blood clotting

platelets

what type of WBCs engulf large numbers of bacterial cells and are antigen presenting cells ?

macrophages

what chemical do some immune cells secrete that causes inflammation

cytokines

after a second attack by a pathogen, what type of cells are responsible for rapid mobilization of the immune respone

memory cells

what region of an antibody does an antigen bind to

variable region

what type of response is the immune system’s attack on the body’s own cells

autoimmune disease

antigens:

any foreign substance that triggers an immune system

allergens

antigens causing allergies

antibodies

proteins that bind into antigens

Helper T cells

activate immune cells

effector cells

actively fight pathogens

memory cells

remember pathogens

B cells

produce antibodies

T cells

attack infected cells

which circulatory system filters bacteria and matures white blood cells

lymphatic system

how is diffusion involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 with the environment

O2 & CO2 move by difusion

what type of epithelial cell is used for filtration/diffusion

alveoli

Nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trahcea, alveoli, bronchioles

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

the - prevents food and fluids from entering the -

epiglottis; trachea

inhalation is an active/passive process; exhalation is usually a active/passive process

active; passive

the two muscles involved in inhalation are

diaphragm and intercostal

where are your vocal cords located

larynx

what are examples of acclimatization

increased red blood cells at high altitude

where does digestion of a protein start

stomach

where does digestion of a lipid(fat) start

small intestine

where does digestion of a carbohydrate start

mouth

what are the stomach secretions

acid, enzymes, mucus

where is bile produced ? and where is it stored

liver; gallbladder

what organs stores/detoxifies different organic compounds

liver

in which structure does the greatest amount of nutrient absorption occur

small intestine

bile breaks down

fats/lipids

what does the large intestine primarily do

absorbs water

which structure’s only job is peristalsis

esophagus

most abundant waste production of metabolism is

urea

put in order-bladder, urethra, kidney, ureter

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

subunit of kidney that purifies blood/restores solute

nephrons

3 steps in urine formation

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

what hormones concentrate urine

aldosterone, ADH

what are the main 2 causes of kidney disease

high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus

2 treatments of kidney failure

dialysis, and kidney transplant

2 types of dialysis

internal; overnight external; ran through machine

main cause of UTI’s

bacteria

where are sperm produced

seminiferous tubes

which sex hormone is involved with sperm production? testosterone production?

FSH, LH

what is the primary reproductive organs in a female? male?

ovaries, testes

ovulation is when

estrogen causes release of egg, happens 14 days before period

what are 3 STI’s that are caused by bacterium?

gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia

fertilied egg is known as, cell division is known as

zygote, monozygote

fertilization happens

in fallopian tube

what is the structure that implants into the uterus

blastocyst

what gastrulation produce

3 primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

nervous system/ , small intestine/ , circulatory system/

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

what is cytoplasmic localization

certain parts are concentrated in different parts of zygote; guides division

what does amnion do

protects embryo in fluid-filled sac

function of placenta

helps exchange materials between bloodstream of baby and mom