med term chp10 test

caus/o

Burning; burn

cerebr/o

Cerebrum; brain

concuss/o

Shaken together; violently agitated

contus/o

Bruise

encephal/o

Brain

-esthesia

Sensation; feeling

esthet/o

Feeling; nervous sensation; perception

-graphy

Process of producing a picture or record

mening/o

Membranes; meninges

myel/o

Spinal cord or bone marrow

neur/i, neur/o

Nerve; nerve tissue

phobia

Abnormal fear

psych/o

Mind

radicul/o

Root; nerve root

-tropic

Having an affinity for

Afferent neurons

Sensory neurons that carry impulses toward the brain and spinal cord

Axon

Process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell

Brainstem

Connects cerebral hemispheres with spinal cord; includes midbrain, pons, medulla

Cerebellum

Coordinates balance and smooth muscle movement

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Cools, cushions, and nourishes brain and spinal cord

Cerebrum

Largest part of brain; responsible for thought, memory, judgment

Dendrites

Receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

Efferent neurons

Motor neurons that carry impulses away from CNS

Hypothalamus

Regulates temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep

Medulla oblongata

Controls heart rate and respiration

Meninges

Three membranes enclosing brain and spinal cord

Myelin sheath

Fatty protective covering forming white matter

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that transmit messages across synapses

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Cranial and spinal nerves

Plexus

Network of intersecting spinal nerves

Synapse

Space between neurons or neuron and receptor

Thalamus

Relays sensory signals to cerebral cortex

Alzheimer’s disease

Progressive disorder affecting memory, thought, and language

Amnesia

Partial or total memory loss

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Progressive disease affecting voluntary muscle nerves

Anxiety disorders

Excessive, irrational fear or worry

Aphasia

Loss of ability to speak, write, or understand language

Bipolar disorder

Cycles of extreme mood highs and lows

Causalgia

Severe burning pain after nerve injury

Cerebral contusion

Bruising of brain tissue

Cerebral palsy

Poor muscle control due to brain damage

Coma

Deep unconsciousness with no response to stimuli

Concussion

Violent shaking or jarring of the brain

Delirium

Acute confusion with hallucinations

Dementia

Progressive decline in mental function

Dyslexia

Reading disorder affecting symbol processing

Dysthymia

Chronic low-grade depression

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain

Epilepsy

Chronic disorder with recurrent seizures

Factitious disorder

Faking illness without medical cause

Hallucination

Sensory perception without external stimulus

Hydrocephalus

Excess cerebrospinal fluid in brain ventricles

Insomnia

Inability to sleep

Meningitis

Inflammation of meninges

Multiple sclerosis

Autoimmune disease causing myelin destruction

Paresthesia

Burning or prickling sensation

Poliomyelitis

Viral infection causing paralysis

Sciatica

Pain from inflammation of sciatic nerve

Syncope

Temporary loss of consciousness (fainting)

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Temporary interruption of brain blood flow

Trigeminal neuralgia

Severe facial pain from cranial nerve V

Anesthesiologist

Physician who administers anesthesia

Anxiolytic drug

Medication that reduces anxiety

Antipsychotic drug

Treats severe mood or thought disorders

Epidural anesthesia

Anesthesia injected into epidural space

Hypnotic

Drug that induces sleep

Psychotropic drug

Drug that affects mental function via CNS

Thalamotomy

Surgical incision into the thalamus

Cerebral cortex

Outer layer of cerebrum

Frontal lobe

Anterior cerebrum; motor control

Temporal lobe

Lateral/inferior cerebrum; hearing and smell

Parietal lobe

Superior/dorsal cerebrum; sensory interpretation

Occipital lobe

Posterior cerebrum; vision

Ventricles

Cavities in brain that produce CSF

Hypothalamus (label)

Inferior/deep; below thalamus

Medulla

Inferior brainstem region

Spinal cord

Extension of brainstem down spine

Cerebellum (label)

Posterior/inferior; balance and coordination

Echoencephalography

Ultrasound imaging used to create a visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes

Myelography

Radiographic study of the spinal cord after contrast medium is injected via lumbar puncture

Autism

Group of conditions marked by developmental delays, limited verbal skills, and social challenges

Dementia (expanded)

Slowly progressive decline in memory, thinking, and judgment, often with personality changes

Encephalitis (expanded)

Inflammation of the brain itself, often caused by viral infection

Meningitis (expanded)

Inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord

Narcolepsy

Sleep disorder characterized by sudden, uncontrollable daytime sleep episodes

Radiculitis

Inflammation of a spinal nerve root causing pain and numbness radiating down a limb

Schizophrenia

Psychotic disorder involving withdrawal from reality, disorganized thinking, delusions, and hallucinations

Neurotransmitters (expanded)

Chemicals that allow messages to cross a synapse to a target receptor

Hyperesthesia

Condition of excessive sensitivity to stimuli

Lethargy

State of lowered consciousness with drowsiness, listlessness, and apathy

Cognition

Mental processes involved in thinking, learning, and memory

Delusion

False belief maintained despite clear contradictory evidence