Summer Anatomy Exam 1 Practice Flashcards

A set of 100 vocabulary flashcards covering skin histology, skeletal anatomy, musculature, nerves, and the cardiopulmonary system based on the lecture review lecture.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, providing a protective barrier against environmental hazards. Its primary function is to prevent water loss and protect against pathogens.

Avascular

Referring to the epidermis, which lacks blood vessels; it derives its nutrients through diffusion from the underlying dermis.

Stratum Basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis made up of a single layer of stem cells; these cells continuously divide to produce keratinocytes, contributing to the skin's barrier.

Stratum Spinosum

A layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes develop desmosomes and begin to synthesize keratin and vitamin D; it also contains dendritic (Langerhans) cells, which play a role in immune response.

Stratum Granulosum

The layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes start undergoing apoptosis as they accumulate keratohyalin granules, initiating the keratinization process.

Stratum Lucidum

A translucent layer found only in thick skin, such as palms and soles. This layer consists of flattened, dead keratinocytes that provide additional protection.

Stratum Corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead keratinocytes; it serves as a barrier to environmental threats and sheds periodically.

Defensins

Small antimicrobial peptides found in the stratum corneum that help to kill bacteria and fungi, contributing to the skin's innate immune defense.

Dermis

The connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis that contains blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and sweat glands, providing structural support and elasticity to the skin.

Papillary Layer

The uppermost layer of the dermis characterized by loose connective tissue, containing blood vessels and sensory receptors like Meissner corpuscles, responsible for light touch.

Meissner corpuscles

Tactile receptors located in the papillary layer of the dermis, sensitive to light touch and texture.

Reticular Layer

The deeper and thicker layer of the dermis, made of dense irregular connective tissue, which provides strength and resilience to the skin.

Pacinian corpuscles

Pressure receptors located in the reticular layer of the dermis, sensitive to deep pressure and vibration.

Hypodermis

Also known as subcutaneous tissue, it is composed primarily of adipose tissue and loose connective tissue, providing insulation, cushioning for underlying structures, and energy storage.

Thick Skin

Skin with a thick stratum corneum, presence of a stratum lucidum, and absence of hair follicles and sebaceous glands, usually found in areas subject to friction.

Fascia

Connective tissue layers that surround muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, helping to support and stabilize structures.

Superficial Cervical Fascia

A layer of fascia that contains platysma muscle and external jugular vein, extending across the neck.

Investing Fascia

A layer of deep cervical fascia that encloses structures such as the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Suprasternal Space

The space in the neck at the inferior end of the investing fascia, containing critical vascular and lymphatic structures.

Pretracheal Layer (Visceral Part)

A layer of deep cervical fascia that surrounds the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus, providing structure and support.

Prevertebral Layer

A layer of deep cervical fascia encompassing the cervical sympathetic trunk and deep cervical muscles, facilitating their functional relationships.

Retropharyngeal Space

A potential space located between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the alar fascia in the neck, important for the spread of infections.

Danger Space

The anatomical space found between the alar fascia and the prevertebral fascia that can allow for the spread of infections to the thorax.

Axial Skeleton

The central part of the skeleton consisting of the skull, hyoid bone, ribs, and vertebral column, providing the primary support for the body's structure.

Appendicular Skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and girdles, facilitating movement and interaction with the environment.

Cortical Bone

The dense outer layer of bone tissue that provides strength and support, critical for the overall integrity of skeletal structure.

Spongy Bone

Less dense bone tissue found at the ends of long bones and inside flat bones, containing bone marrow and stem cells, contributing to blood cell production.

Notch

A small indentation in the margin of a bone, often serving as a passage for nerves or blood vessels.

Fossa

A shallow depression in a bone, which serves as an articular surface or as a place for muscle attachment.

Foramen

An opening in a bone that allows for the passage of vessels and nerves.

Diaphysis

The long, tubular shaft of a long bone, providing structural support and housing the medullary cavity.

Epiphyseal Plate

A hyaline cartilage area, known as the growth plate, located between the diaphysis and epiphysis that allows long bones to grow in length during development.

Fibrous Joints

Joints that allow minimal to no movement, such as the sutures of the skull, providing stability.

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints allowing slight movements, located between vertebrae or at the sternocostal joint, where cartilage links the bones.

Synovial Joints

Freely moveable joints characterized by a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid, allowing for diverse motions.

Plane Joint

A type of synovial joint allowing for gliding movements between flat bony surfaces.

Hinge Joint

A uniaxial joint that permits movement primarily in one plane, such as flexion and extension of the elbow.

Pivot Joint

A synovial joint allowing rotational movement around a single axis, exemplified by the atlanto-axial joint.

Saddle Joint

A biaxial joint where one bone fits into a concave surface of another, allowing for a wide range of motion, as seen in the thumb.

Condyloid Joint

A biaxial joint facilitating movement in two planes, exemplified by the wrist joint.

Scaphoid

The first bone in the proximal row of carpals, critical for wrist function, often injured in falls.

Pisiform

The small bone located in the proximal row of carpals, acting as a sesamoid bone for flexor carpi ulnaris.

Hamate

A carpal bone in the distal row noted for its hook-like structure, providing important attachment points for ligaments.

Trapezium

The carpal bone articulating with the first metacarpal, crucial for thumb movement.

Talus

A key tarsal bone in the ankle that articulates with the tibia and fibula, playing a pivotal role in foot movement.

Calcaneus

The large heel bone that forms the rear of the foot, essential for weight-bearing and locomotion.

Bregma

The junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures on the skull, an important landmark in cranial anatomy.

Lambda

The junction where the sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet on the skull, relevant in anthropometric measurements.

Atlas ($C1$)

The first cervical vertebra that supports the globe of the head and permits nodding motion at the atlanto-occipital joint.

Axis ($C2$)

The second cervical vertebra characterized by the odontoid process that allows rotation of the head and neck.

Thoracic Vertebrae

Vertebrae identified by their costal facets for rib attachment, with distinguishable spinous processes, often resembling giraffes in posture.

Lumbar Vertebrae

The largest and strongest vertebrae in the spine, adapted for weight-bearing and movement, resembling moose in appearance.

True Ribs

The first seven pairs of ribs directly attached to the sternum via costal cartilage, providing stability and protection to the thoracic cavity.

Floating Ribs

The 11th and 12th pairs of ribs that do not articulate with the sternum, offering minimal protection but supporting abdominal structures.

Sternal Angle

The landmark corresponding to the manubriosternal joint, located at the level of the second costal cartilages, important for rib counting.

Suprascapular Artery

An artery that runs over the transverse scapular ligament, supplying blood to muscles in the shoulder region.

Suprascapular Nerve

A nerve that passes beneath the transverse scapular ligament, innervating the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.

Quadrangular Space

A space in the shoulder bordered by the teres minor, teres major, and humerus, vital for the passage of nerves and vessels.

Triangular Interval

The area bounded by the long and lateral heads of the triceps and teres major, containing the radial nerve and deep brachial artery.

Sternoclavicular Joint

The joint connecting the appendicular skeleton (clavicle) to the axial skeleton (sternum), enabling shoulder movement.

Pectoralis Major

A thick, fan-shaped muscle of the chest responsible for arm adduction and flexion, innervated by the lateral and medial pectoral nerves.

Pectoralis Minor

A triangular muscle located beneath the pectoralis major; it stabilizes the scapula and is innervated by the medial pectoral nerve.

Subclavius

A small muscle beneath the clavicle that stabilizes and depresses the clavicle, innervated by the nerve to subclavius.

Supraspinatus

A rotator cuff muscle responsible for initiating arm abduction, innervated by the suprascapular nerve.

Subscapularis

The rotator cuff muscle that facilitates internal rotation of the shoulder, innervated by the upper and lower subscapular nerves.

Teres Major

A muscle performing actions similar to the latissimus dorsi, responsible for internal rotation and extension of the arm.

Deltoid

A large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder, innervated by the axillary nerve, responsible for arm abduction beyond 15 degrees.

Suboccipital Nerve

The posterior ramus of the first cervical nerve (C1) that innervates the suboccipital muscles, but not the skin.

Greater Occipital Nerve

The posterior ramus of the second cervical nerve (C2) providing sensory innervation to the scalp.

Trapezius

A major muscle of the upper back innervated by the spinal accessory nerve, responsible for moving and stabilizing the scapula.

Latissimus Dorsi

A large muscle in the back innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve, responsible for internal rotation, adduction, and extension of the humerus.

Serratus Anterior

A muscle innervated by the long thoracic nerve, crucial for holding the scapula against the thoracic wall and aiding in protraction.

Erector Spinae Group

A muscle group consisting of Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis responsible for extending and laterally flexing the spine.

Multifidus

A deep back muscle that spans multiple vertebrae, critical for stabilizing and proprioceptively assessing spinal movement.

Thoracoacromial Artery

An artery branching from the axillary artery, providing blood to the chest and shoulder muscles.

Lateral Thoracic Artery

An axillary artery branch that supplies blood to the serratus anterior and the lateral side of the breast.

Musculocutaneous Nerve

A terminal branch of the brachial plexus that innervates the anterior compartment of the arm and provides sensory input to the lateral forearm.

Axillary Nerve

A branch of the brachial plexus that innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles, essential for shoulder movement.

Radial Nerve

The brachial plexus branch that innervates all muscles of the posterior arm and forearm, responsible for extending the elbow and wrist.

Median Nerve

The nerve responsible for innervating the majority of the anterior forearm musculature and providing sensory innervation to the palmar lateral three and a half digits.

Ulnar Nerve

A nerve that innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris and intrinsic hand muscles, particularly affecting fine motor skills.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated, involuntary muscle fibers found exclusively in the heart; responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

Cephalic Vein

A superficial vein in the arm that is easily visible and runs along the radial side, often used for intravenous access.

Biceps Brachii

A muscle with two heads (long and short) located in the arm that flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.

Coracobrachialis

A muscle that flexes and adducts the arm at the shoulder, notable for its proximal attachment to the coracoid process of the scapula.

Triceps Brachii

The main extensor of the forearm, comprising three heads and innervated by the radial nerve; crucial for elbow extension.

Flexor Carpi Radialis

A muscle of the forearm that flexes and abducts the wrist, involved in hand movements.

Palmaris Longus

A muscle located in the anterior compartment of the forearm that tenses the palmar aponeurosis during gripping.

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

A deep flexor of the digits, capable of flexing the distal interphalangeal joints, innervated by both median and ulnar nerves.

Pronator Quadratus

A deep muscle in the forearm responsible for pronating the forearm, located in the distal part.

Extensor Pollicis Longus

A muscle responsible for extending the thumb at the interphalangeal joint, located in the posterior forearm.

Thenar Muscle Group

Comprising the muscles responsible for thumb movements, including abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis.

Lumbrical Muscles

'Worm-like' muscles in the hand that flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints.

Dorsal Interossei

Muscles in the hand responsible for abduction of the fingers, innervated by the ulnar nerve.

Palmar Interossei

Muscles in the hand responsible for adduction of the fingers, also innervated by the ulnar nerve.

Caval Hiatus

The opening in the diaphragm at the level of T8 that allows the inferior vena cava to pass from the thorax to the abdomen.

Endocardium

The inner lining of the heart, composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface for blood flow.

Myocardium

The thick muscular middle layer of the heart, consisting of cardiac muscle tissue responsible for contraction and heart pumping.

Epicardium

The outer layer of the heart, also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, providing lubrication and protection.

Visceral Pleura

The inner layer of pleura that tightly adheres to the surface of the lungs, essential for respiratory function.