UNIT 1 TEST - biology

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; cells come from pre-existing cells

Cell membrane

Outer layer of the cell that controls what enters and leaves; semi-permeable

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like fluid that holds organelles and allows movement inside the cell

Nucleus

Control center of the cell that contains DNA

Mitochondria

Organelle that produces ATP energy by breaking down glucose

Ribosomes

Small structures that make proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Transport system of the cell; rough ER has ribosomes

Golgi body

Packages and sorts proteins for transport

Vacuole

Stores water

Cell wall

Rigid outer layer in plant cells that provides support and structure

Chloroplast

Organelle in plant cells that performs photosynthesis using chlorophyll

Lysosome

Breaks down waste using enzymes

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomes inside the nucleus

Prokaryotic cells

Cells with no nucleus; simple and unicellular

Eukaryotic cells

Cells with a nucleus; complex; can be unicellular or multicellular

Specialized cells

Cells with structures adapted for specific functions

Red blood cells

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide; disc-shaped and flexible

White blood cells

Fight infections and protect the body

Platelets

Help blood clot and heal wounds

Skin cells

Form protective layers against the environment

Smooth muscle cells

Involuntary slow movement in organs

Striated muscle cells

Voluntary fast movement with striped appearance

Nerve cells

Transmit electrical signals throughout the body

Ciliated epithelial cells

Move mucus and particles using tiny hair-like cilia

Tissue

Group of similar cells working together for one function

Organ

Group of tissues working together

System

Group of organs working together

Circulatory system

Transports blood

Heart

Pumps blood through the body using 4 chambers: left atrium

Artery

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart (high pressure)

Vein

Blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart (low pressure)

Capillary

Tiny blood vessel where exchange of gases and nutrients occurs

Plasma

Liquid part of blood that carries substances

Gas exchange

Oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves blood

Trachea

Airway kept open by cartilage

Bronchi

Branching airways leading into lungs

Bronchioles

Smaller branches of airways in lungs

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs (1 cell thick)

Inhalation

Breathing in; diaphragm contracts and lungs expand

Exhalation

Breathing out; diaphragm relaxes and lungs deflate

Digestive system

Breaks down food

Ingestion

Taking food into the mouth and starting digestion

Digestion

Breaking food down using enzymes and acid

Absorption

Nutrients move into blood through the small intestine

Elimination

Removal of undigested waste from the body

Liver

Detoxifies blood and breaks down fats

Pancreas

Regulates blood sugar and produces enzymes

Gallbladder

Stores bile for fat digestion

Villi

Small projections in the small intestine that increase absorption

ATP

Energy molecule produced by mitochondria

Photosynthesis

Process where chloroplasts use sunlight to make food in plants