HASS

What are greenhouse gases?

Gases in the atmosphere that increase Earth’s surface temperature, including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

Name three consequences of climate change.

Melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and coastal erosion.

What is the Ozone Layer?

A region in the Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.

Define global warming.

The overall average increase in the Earth's surface temperature.

What was the objective of the Montreal Protocol (1987)?

To halt the production and import of substances depleting the ozone layer.

What is the estimated prevention of CO2 emissions due to the Montreal Protocol?

135 gigatonnes of CO2 emissions.

What lesson was learned from the Montreal Protocol regarding global efforts?

The necessity of global cooperation.

What significant success was achieved through the Montreal Protocol?

98% reduction in global ozone-depleting substances since 1990.

How many countries signed the Montreal Protocol?

197 countries.

What is pollution?

The introduction of harmful materials (pollutants) into the environment.

What are the types of pollution?

Air pollution, land pollution, and water pollution.

egocentric view

Individual self-interest is paramount, valuing everything else only in terms of support for personal lifestyle.

anthropocentric view.

Humans are the most significant species, and nature exists primarily to support human life.

ecocentric view

Minimizing human impact on the environment and preserving biodiversity.

erosion

The gradual removal and destruction of rock or soil in a specific area due to natural processes.

deposition

The process of transporting eroded sediment to new locations via wind, water, or ice.

landforms created by erosion

Cliffs, caves, sand stacks, sand arches, and wave-cut platforms

Salinity

The accumulation of salt in land and water, causing harm to both natural and built environments.

What are dams built for?

To hold back water and create reservoirs for electricity generation or water supply.

What are the 4 S's in relation to natural resources?

Source, Sink, Service, and Spirituality.

concurrent powers

Areas where both federal and state governments can legislate, such as marriage and taxation.

exclusive powers.

Areas where only the federal government can legislate, such as defense and currency.

Name a threat to democracy in Australia regarding the media.

Media bias can lead to biased reporting that influences voters.

What is an example of abuse of power that threatens democracy?

Corruption, which compromises democratic processes.

How are elections designed to safeguard democracy in Australia?

Governments are elected by the people with compulsory voting and independent electoral commissions.

the right to dissent

Individuals can oppose government views without fear of punishment or censorship.

mediation

Involvement of an independent third party to facilitate conflict resolution.

1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights state?

It is the first statement of fundamental human rights.

What does Article 14 of the UDHR support?

The right to seek asylum.

What is the purpose of the 1951 Refugee Convention?

To define and protect the rights of refugees.

What does the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights guarantee?

The right to life, liberty, and humane treatment for all individuals.

When was Australia’s Constitution drafted?

Between 1891-1900.

What is required for a referendum to pass in Australia?

A double majority: a majority in Australia overall and in four out of six states.

What happened in the Bali 9 case?

Nine individuals attempted to smuggle 8.3 kg of heroin valued at $4 m out of Indonesia, resulting in arrests and diplomatic strains.

What were the conditions like on Manus Island for detainees?

Horrendous conditions with no personal belongings and constant verbal abuse.

What is the financial cost of offshore detention in Australia?

Approximately $570,000 per detainee annually.

What was the outcome of the 2023 Voice to Parliament referendum?

60% voted No and 40% voted Yes overall.

What was the proposal of the Voice to Parliament?

To create an Indigenous advisory body in the Constitution.

What did the Uluru Statement from the Heart advocate for?

An Indigenous advisory body for decision-making.

landforms created by deposition

Beaches, spits, tombolo and dunes

biocenteric

Belief in using the Earth’s resources responsibly. While acknowledging the rights of other species

Conventions on the Rights of the Child

Ensures the rights of children, including best interests, protection from violence, and family unity.

Conventions against torture (CAT)

Prohibits torture and inhumane treatment, ensuring safety for refugees and asylum seekers.

Strengths of a referendum

• direct democratic participation

• Encourages public awareness and discussion

• Prevents rapid changes with the double majority

Weaknesses of a referendum

• Organizing can be costly.

• Complexity can confuse the electorate.

• Low success rates, with only 8 of 44 referendums passing.

• Campaigns can be swayed by political influence.

Asylum seekers

Individuals fleeing their country due to safety concerns, seeking resettlement.

Refugees

Those who cannot return home due to persecution.

Negotiation

Dialogue between parties to resolve disputes

Reconciliation

Efforts to renew relationships requiring mutual forgiveness.

Safeguards to democracy examples

• electoral process

• upholding shared values

• right to dissent

• dispute resolution processes

Threats to democracy

• media bias

• influence of vested interests

• organized crime

• corruption

• lawlessness

Sink

Natural processes that absorb human waste

Source

Natural products that can be used or transformed by humans

Service

Functions performed by natural environments.

Spirituality

The relationship between humans and the environment.