exam 1 - exercise phys.
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76 Terms
Q: What is metabolism?
A: Metabolism is all chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain life and produce energy.
Q: What are catabolic reactions?
A: Catabolic reactions break larger molecules into smaller molecules and RELEASE energy. Example: breaking down glucose for ATP.
Q: What are anabolic reactions?
A: Anabolic reactions BUILD larger molecules from smaller molecules and REQUIRE energy. Example: building muscle protein.
Q: What is the main purpose of metabolism during exercise?
A: To produce ATP so muscles can contract and continue working.
Q: How are carbohydrates stored in the body?
A: Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver.
Q: How are fats stored in the body?
A: Fats are stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue and muscle.
Q: How are proteins stored in the body?
A: Proteins are mainly stored in skeletal muscle but are NOT the body’s preferred energy source.
Q: Which fuel source is used most during high-intensity exercise?
A: Carbohydrates.
Q: Which fuel source is used most during long-duration, low-intensity exercise?
A: Fats.
Q: What substrate does the phosphagen system use?
A: Stored ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr).
Q: Is the phosphagen system aerobic or anaerobic?
A: Anaerobic.
Q: Where does the phosphagen system occur in the cell?
A: Cytoplasm.
Q: How long does the phosphagen system provide energy?
A: About 0–10 seconds.
Q: What type of activity mainly uses the phosphagen system?
A: Explosive, short-duration activities like sprinting or heavy lifting.
Q: What enzyme is rate-limiting for the phosphagen system?
A: Creatine kinase.
Q: What is the biggest advantage of the phosphagen system?
A: Produces ATP VERY rapidly.
Q: What is the biggest disadvantage of the phosphagen system?
A: Limited ATP supply because phosphocreatine stores run out quickly.
Q: What substrate does glycolysis use?
A: Glucose or glycogen.
Q: Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
A: Anaerobic (fast glycolysis).
Q: Where does glycolysis occur?
A: Cytoplasm.
Q: How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
A: Net gain of 2 ATP from glucose and 3 ATP from glycogen.
Q: How long does glycolysis dominate during exercise?
A: About 30 seconds to 2 minutes.
Q: What are the byproducts of glycolysis?
A: Pyruvate, NADH, and lactate (when oxygen is limited).
Q: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
A: Phosphofructokinase (PFK).
Q: Why does lactate production increase during intense exercise?
A: Because glycolysis speeds up faster than mitochondria can process pyruvate aerobically.
Q: What type of exercise relies heavily on glycolysis?
A: Moderate-to-high intensity exercise like a 400m sprint.
Q: What substrates are used in the oxidative system?
A: Carbohydrates, fats, and sometimes proteins.
Q: Is the oxidative system aerobic or anaerobic?
A: Aerobic.
Q: Where does the oxidative system occur?
A: Mitochondria.
Q: What are the two major stages of the oxidative system?
A: Krebs cycle and electron transport chain (ETC).
Q: What enters the Krebs cycle?
A: Acetyl-CoA.
Q: What products are broken down in the ETC?
A: NADH and FADH₂.
Q: What are the byproducts of the oxidative system?
A: CO₂, H₂O, and large amounts of ATP.
Q: Which energy system produces the MOST ATP?
A: Oxidative system.
Q: Which energy system has the SLOWEST ATP production rate?
A: Oxidative system.
Q: How long can the oxidative system provide energy?
A: Hours.
Q: What is lactate?
A: A product formed when pyruvate accepts hydrogen ions during anaerobic glycolysis.
Q: Where is lactate produced?
A: In muscle cells during glycolysis.
Q: What is lactate threshold?
A: The exercise intensity where lactate begins accumulating rapidly in the blood.
Q: Why is lactate threshold important?
A: It predicts endurance performance and fatigue resistance.
Q: At what intensity does lactate threshold occur in trained vs untrained individuals?
A:
Untrained: ~50–60% VO₂ max
Trained: ~70–90% VO₂ max
Q: What is the first step in breaking down triglycerides?
A: Lipolysis.
Q: What does lipolysis produce?
A: Free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol.
Q: What process breaks down free fatty acids?
A: Beta-oxidation.
Q: Where does beta-oxidation occur?
A: Mitochondria.
Q: Approximately how much ATP comes from stearic acid?
A: About 146 ATP.
Q: What is the metabolic crossover point?
A: The intensity at which carbohydrate use becomes greater than fat use during exercise.
Q: Why does carbohydrate use increase at higher intensities?
A: Carbohydrates produce ATP faster than fats.
Q: Where is insulin produced?
A: Pancreas (beta cells).
Q: When is insulin secreted?
A: After eating, especially when blood glucose rises.
Q: What happens to insulin during exercise?
A: Insulin levels decrease.
Q: What are insulin’s effects on carbohydrates?
A: Increases glucose uptake and glycogen storage.
Q: What are insulin’s effects on fats?
A: Promotes fat storage and inhibits fat breakdown.
Q: What are insulin’s effects on proteins?
A: Stimulates protein synthesis.
Q: Where is glucagon produced?
A: Pancreas (alpha cells).
Q: When is glucagon released?
A: During fasting and exercise when blood glucose drops.
Q: What are glucagon’s effects on the liver?
A: Stimulates glycogen breakdown and glucose release.
Q: What are glucagon’s effects on adipose tissue?
A: Stimulates lipolysis.
Q: Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced?
A: Adrenal medulla.
Q: When are epinephrine and norepinephrine released?
A: During exercise and stress.
Q: What are epinephrine and norepinephrine effects on muscles?
A: Increase glycogen breakdown for energy.
Q: What are epinephrine and norepinephrine effects on adipose tissue?
A: Increase fat breakdown.
Q: What happens to epinephrine levels as exercise intensity increases?
A: They increase significantly.
Q: Where is cortisol produced?
A: Adrenal cortex.
Q: What does cortisol do during exercise?
A: Helps maintain blood glucose by increasing protein and fat breakdown.
Q: Why is cortisol considered catabolic?
A: Because it breaks down tissues for energy.
Q: Where is growth hormone produced?
A: Anterior pituitary gland.
Q: What stimulates growth hormone release?
A: Exercise intensity, sleep, stress, and low blood glucose.
Q: What does growth hormone do?
A: Stimulates growth, protein synthesis, and fat breakdown.
Q: What is IGF-1?
A: Insulin-like growth factor 1, stimulated by growth hormone.
Q: What does IGF-1 do?
A: Promotes muscle growth and tissue repair.
Q: What are testosterone’s main functions?
A: Increases muscle growth, protein synthesis, and strength.
Q: Explain what happens to energy system contribution as exercise intensity and duration increase.
A:
First 0–10 sec: phosphagen system dominates
30 sec–2 min: glycolysis dominates
Longer duration: oxidative system dominates
Higher intensity = more carbohydrate use
Longer duration/lower intensity = more fat use
Q: Explain how hormones respond during exercise.
A:
Insulin decreases
Counterregulatory hormones increase (glucagon, epi, norepi, cortisol, GH)
Goal is to maintain blood glucose and provide fuel for working muscles
Q: Explain the difference between trained and untrained individuals during exercise.
A:
Trained individuals:
higher lactate threshold
better fat oxidation
spare glycogen longer
rely more on aerobic metabolism
fatigue later
POSSIBLE “98 VS 100” DETAILS
PFK = rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis
Creatine kinase = phosphagen enzyme
Stearic acid ≈ 146 ATP
Trained people reach lactate threshold at higher intensities
NADH/FADH₂ feed into ETC
Acetyl-CoA enters Krebs cycle
Insulin decreases during exercise
Counterregulatory hormones increase during exercise
Carbs dominate at high intensity because ATP production is faster