Green Test 3

Feminism

A paradigm that gives valid critiques and approaches to international relations

Women in international relations

1893: new Zealand was the first country to grant women the right to vote

1971: all western countries let women vote

1997: first women was elected in new Zealand

Women stats

27% of women in parliament today

25% around the whole world

Out of 1o people in poverty, 70% of them are women

Income gap : women make 70%-80% of what men make

Womens critiques

1. There are far fewer women in power positions. Would politics be different if there was a 50/50 balance. If Kamala won the last election, would it be any different

2. in terms of IR scholarship, should we be studying what women focus on such as low politics instead of what men focus on which is high politics. Men are missing a whole criteria of issues because of their focus on high politics instead of low politics and they also ignore issues targeted towards women

Nature VS Nurture

Gender Gap

Women favor diplomacy/global health/poverty reduction/human rights/ and security

Men favor militarization/military supremacy/ national security/ and economic superiority

Women lead with less military force

Men lead with more military force

Beijing Conference

-conference of Status of women led by Hillary Clinton

-produced a declaration calling for protection of violence and discrimination worldwide for women

Beggar thy neighbor policy

exporting economic problems to other countries through tariffs (a tax on a import coming into the US)

This improves buying / economic of domestic products

Smoot Hawley Act

-raised tariffs on all imports by 19%

-raised tariffs on all industrial goods by 60%

Result

-other nations retaliated + also enforced tariffs

-global trade collapsed

Germany was hit hard

-germany already owed reparations from WWI

-depression + reparations = hyperinflation

-lead to political ramifications - people being desperate for hitler

Brent Wood System

-allied nations got together and agreed to create a new system to prevent a great depression

-”set of ideas that states self govern due to norms/hegemonic pressure)

-liberal economics + created by IMF which helps country protect their currency

Laissez Faire

-opposite of idealogical liberalism

-the idea of keeping your hands off the economy

-less government involvement means everyone benefits

Washington Consensus

Tarrifs

-enemy to free trade

-protect the domestic industry by taxing imports

NTB (Non-trade barriers)

It is the 2nd way to protect domestic industries

1. subsidizes : the government is giving domestic companies money to compete

2. Quotas : limiting how much foreign product can come in

ITO (international trade organization)

-reduce tariffs + NTB in order to create free trade and eliminate unfair competition

Issue of ITO

the us senate must ratify 2/3 vote of the treaty of ITO

since US GDP was 50% at the time, the senate refused because the US would lose its sovereignty around trade

As a result, they created GATT

GATT

-general agreement on tariffs and trade

provisional tool : set of negotiations over a long period of time

-lower tariffs and NTBs

IMF

-originally helped countries protect their currencies

-worked well until 1971

-nixon collapased this aspect of the system by taking the dollar off the gold standard

-countries paid into this fund, if countries attack, they use it to protect themselves because USA was a backbone

-turns into the world bank

World Bank

-helped developing countries with loans

-IMF eventually adapted to do the same thing

-would loan $$ to countries that wanted to do good things for the country at low interest rates

Criticism of IMF + World Bank

1. voting privileges are unequal and the P-5 dominates (US, UK, France, China, Russia) countries own most of the votes and power in the organization

2. These orgs aren’t about development, but rather open up markets for MNC’s to come and exploit

3. Projects that are sponsored paid no attention to the environmental impacts

4. Loans are based on conditionality, usually horrible conditions