SCMA 2020 Midterm

What is physiology?

The study of the function of the body

What is anatomy?

The study of the structure of the body

True or False: A group of similar cells that perform a specific function is called an organ.

False. A group of similar cells that perform a specific function is called a tissue.

What is a group of tissues called?

Organ

What is an organ system?

A group of organs

What are the organ systems in the body?

1. Integumentary (Skin)
2- Skeletal
3- Muscular
4- Nervous
5- Endocrine (Hormones)
6- Cardiovascular
7- Lymphatic
8- Respiratory
9- Digestive
10- Urinary
11- Reproductive

What does the term 'sagittal section of the brain' mean?

The brain was cut into the right and left parts

What does the term 'sagittal section of the brain' mean?

The brain was cut into the right and left parts.

What is a section that divides the body into equal right and left parts called?

Midsagittal

What is a section that divides the body into anterior (ventral/front) and posterior (dorsal/back) parts called?

Coronal/Frontal

What is a section that divides the structure into superior (up/top) and inferior (down/bottom) parts called?

Transverse

What are the necessary life functions?

1- Maintaining Boundaries
2- Movement
3- Responsiveness
4- Digestion
5- Metabolism
6- Excretion
7- Reproduction
8- Growth

Which of the following is NOT a necessary life function?
a) Maintaining boundaries
b) Excretion
c) Movement
d) Growth
e) Regular grooming

Regular grooming

What are macromolecules?

Important Nutrients that can be broken down and absorbed by our bodies.

What are the four important types of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates (Starch and Sugar), Lipids (Fats), Protein, Nucleic Acid (DNA, RNA)

What does the cell compose of?

1- Cell membrane
2- Cytoplasm
3- Organelle
4- Nucleus

What is cell membrane composed of?

The cell membrane is composed of a double layer of phospholipids.

What is Cytoplasm?

All the fluid and material within the cell.

What is Organelle?

The structural components inside a cell, specialized to carry out a specific function for the cell. Examples of organelle include, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus.

What is Nucleus?

The control centre for the cell, surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.

What are tissues?

A collection of cells with similar functions working together.

What is Homeostasis?

The ability of the body to keep things "just right" inside, even when the outside changes.

Homeostasis in the human body is controlled primarily by which two organ systems?

The nervous and endocrine systems

What is a synonym for ventral?

Anterior.

The thoracic cavity is __ to the abdominopelvic cavity.

Superior

Which of the following is NOT expected to be found in the LUQ of the abdominal cavity?
a) stomach
b) pancreas
c) appendix
d) spleen

The appendix

What does the dorsal cavity of the human body contain?

Components of the nervous system

What does the dorsal body cavity house?

The spinal cord and brain

What does the ventral cavities house?

Thoracic → heart & lungs
Abdominopelvic
- Abdominal → digestive organs
- Pelvic → bladder, reproductive organs

Which of the following is NOT true of the anatomical position?
a) feet apart
b) palms forward
c) arms at the side
d) standing erect

Feet apart

What are the Abdominal Quadrants?

URQ - Upper Right
ULQ - Upper Left
LRQ - Lower Right
LLQ - Lower Left

What is the major function of the urinary system?

To eliminate nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes from the body.

What are the types of tissues?

Epithelial Tissue (COVERS & LINES)
Connective Tissue (SUPPORT)
Muscle Tissue (MOVEMENT)
Nervous Tissue (COMMUNICATION)

What are the shapes of Epithelial tissues?

Squamous = flat (diffusion)

Cuboidal = cube‑shaped (secretion)

Columnar = tall (absorption)

What are the layers of Epithelial tissues?

Simple = one layer

Stratified = many layers

Transitional = stretches (bladder)

Pseudostratified = looks layered but isn't

What are the types of Connective tissues?

1- Bone

2- Cartilage

3- Tendons / Ligaments

4- Adipose (fat)

5- Blood

What are the types of Muscle tissues?

1- Skeletal
2- Cardiac
3- Smooth

Which of the following is NOT a primary tissue type?

a) Blood

b) Muscle

c) Nervous

d) Connective

e) Epithelial

Blood

What is an example of an organelle?

Mitochondrion

Which of the following is NOT connective tissue?

a) blood
b) bone
c) cartilage
d) skeletal muscle
e) adipose

Skeletal muscle

Which of the following is most likely to be lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

a) the kidneys
b) the ovaries
c) the outer skin
d) the upper respiratory tract
e) none of the above

The upper respiratory tract

Skeletal and cardiac tissues are __ tissues?

Muscle tissues

Which of the following have striations?

a) Cardiac muscle only
b) Smooth muscle only
c) Skeletal muscle only
d) Both cardiac and skeletal muscle
e) All of the above

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle

Which of the following best describes epithelial tissue that is one layer thick and the cells have roughly equivalent lengths, widths and heights?

a) simple cuboidal
b) simple squamous
c) stratified squamous
d) stratified cuboidal
e) pseudostratified columnar

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Epithelial tissue that is one cell layer thick, composed of cells that are roughly the same height, width, and length, is:

Simple cuboidal

What type of epithelial tissue is often found lining glands and ducts?

a) simple squamous
b) simple cuboidal
c) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
d) simple columnar
e) transitional

Simple cuboidal

In which of the following body system would you most likely find transitional epithelium?

a) Nervous
b) Urinary
c) Respiratory
d) Digestive
e) Skeletal

Urinary

The cell membrane is primarily composed of a double layer of:

a) phospholipids
b) proteins
c) lysosomes
d) carbohydrates
e) crunchie cookies with a sweet white filling

Phospholipids

Glial cells make up a portion of what primary tissue type?

a) Epithelial
b) Bone
c) Connective
d) Nervous
e) Muscle

Nervous Tissue

Some epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract have tiny hair-like projections covered in a thin layer of mucus. Their function is to help filter the incoming air. What is the name of these projections?

Cilia

What connective tissue type often appears like large, clear, circular cells under a microscope?

Adipose tissue

What type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and in the walls of blood vessels?

Smooth muscle

Where would you most commonly find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

In the mouth

What are genes?

DNA sequences used to encode information to make proteins

Which macromolecule is commonly used by the body to make enzymes?

Proteins

What is a phenotype?

The physical features associated with a trait

What is a mutation?

A permanent change in DNA that can change an organism's physical structure or how its body functions.

What is an amniocentesis?

A genetic test in which an ultrasound is used to guide a needle into the womb to remove enzymes, chemicals and discarded fetal cells.

During embryo development, and embryonic disk is produced in 2 weeks. Which layer of the embryonic disk is responsible for becoming muscle, bone, and most organs?

The mesoderm

What is an embryo?

The conceptus from fertilization to week 8 of pregnancy.

At which point during pregnancy does the fetal stage commence?

9 weeks

What chromosomal change is expected in an individual with Down Syndrome?

3 copies of chromosome 21

What chromosomal change is expected in an individual with Klinefelter syndrome?

2 X chromosome, with 1 Y chromosome

What chromosomal change is expected in an individual with Turner's syndrome?

1 X chromosome, with no Y chromosome

What is a copy of a gene that is normally repressed referred to as?

Recessive

What is a copy of a gene that is normally used referred to as?

Dominant

How many TOTAL chromosomes (diploid) do humans typically have?

46 chromosomes

How many chromosomes in a haploid (eggs/sperms)?

23 chromosomes

What condition should pregnant females avoid nicotine to minimize the risk of?

SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)

The process of _ must occur to create a cell with only one copy of its chromosomes (ie. an ovum or sperm) from a typical cell with two copies of its chromosomes?

Meiosis (A process where once the cell divides, the resulting daughter cells immediately divide again without undergoing DNA replication)

If the body makes new skin cells that are identical to the old ones, this process is called __.

Mitosis (for growth and repair)

What are the stages of embryo development?

1-      Morula (72 hours)

2-      Blastocyst (3 to 4 days)

3-      Gastrula (3 weeks)

4-      Embryo (5 weeks)

What is a neonatal period?

The four weeks immediately after birth

What is lanugo?

A fine, soft hair that covers the body of a fetus prior to birth.

What is vernix caseosa?

An oily secretion that protects the fetus from the amniotic fluid. (Thick, white, paste-like substance covering fetal skin)

What are fetal movements?

Physical movements of the fetus that are felt by the pregnant female.

What are milestones?

Key markers for physical, motor, and cognitive development of an infant.

What is a teratogen?

A toxin that can be harmful to a developing embryo.

What are examples of teratogen?

Thalidomide (Anti-nausea drug), Alcohol, Smoking/Nicotine

A substance like thalidomide, which can cause abnormal fetal development or birth defects, is called a(n):

Teratogen

What is pre-linguistic vocalization?

A reference to the sounds children make before they learn to talk.

At what stage of embryo development does a ball-like mass of cells usually implant into the uterus wall?

The blastocyst stage

The blending of the effect of genes and environment (like exposure to UV rays) results in the traits we see in a person. This is referred to as their:

Phenotype

What is hydrocephalus?

A condition that can result from infection or head injury causing rapid increase in head size.

What is a zygote?

The resulting single cell when the sperm fuses with the egg.

What is true regarding childhood development anatomy?

a) The reproductive system grows very slowly until puberty
b) Milestones are used as key markers for physical, motor, and cognitive development
c) Excessive weight gain may indicate a growth hormone imbalance
d) As a child grows, their limbs get longer relative to their heads

e) All of the above

All of the above

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

They keep skin and hair cells soft and flexible.

What are fingernails composed of?

Keratin

The tanning effect (darkening of the skin) when someone is exposed to sunlight is due to:

Melanin

What are the layers of the skin from outside to inside?

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

What is keratin?

A durable protein that helps protect the skin from abrasions, heat, microbes, and chemicals.

In which skin layer is the keratin found?

Epidermis

What skin layer has the collagen?

Dermis

What type of tissue is found in the hypodermis?

Adipose tissue

Melanin is produced by _ found in the deepest layer of the epidermis.

melanocytes

Freckles and moles are simply areas with high concentrations of _.

Melanocytes

True or False, Hemoglobin in blood, when carrying oxygen, is bright red and when it's not, is dark red (looks blue through the skin).

True

A medical term for children that are not getting enough oxygen due to a respiratory illness, and they appear a bit blue is called _.

Cyanosis

A common pigment that accumulates from recycling red blood cells.

Bilirubin

What are the types of membranes?

Cutaneous membrane (Skin)
Mucous membrane (Open Cavities)
Serous membrane (Closed Cavities)
Synovial membrane (Joints)