EXAM 2 - ANIMAL

Kingdom Animalia characteristics (macro-hi)

Multicellular eukaryotes

Adaptations to help DETECT, capture, eat, and digest

Cells supported by structural proteins, NOT cell wall

Reproduce sexually, diploid stage dominant

One (1) larval stage at least

Heterotrophic

Invertebrates or vertebrates

larval stage

larvae → juveniles (not reproducing) → adults (reproducing)

Invertebrates vs Vertebrates

Invertebrates: 95% animals: no dorsal support

Vertebrates: 5% animals: have dorsal support

Phylum Porifera name & characteristics (8)

→ Silly People Can Always Notice Strange Random Animals

Sponges

• Sessile (attached) filter feeds

• Pore-bearing

  • pores

  • outpore

• Collection of cells (NO tissues, organs, systems)

• Asymmtrical

• No germ layers & no true body cavity

• “Skeleton” made of spicules

• Regenerative ability

• All aquatic, mostly marine

Porifera = ?

• pores

• outpore

Porifera = pore-bearing

• pores: water goes in through ostia

• outpore: water goes out through osculum

Ostia vs Osculum (Sponges)

Ostia: tiny pores where water enters sponge

Osculum: big hole where water exits

(Sponges) "skeleton" made of spicules

*Spicules: tiny hard spikes

These tiny, hard spikes support and protect the sponge

Sponge Anatomy (3) *“cytes”

→ cell types of sponges

1. Pinacocytes

2. Choanocytes

3. Amoebocytes

(Sponge Anatomy) Choanocytes

—> “C” for collar

“collar cells”

• generate water currents (with flagellum)

• trap food for ingestion (using collar traps)

*move water and catch food basically

Sponge Canal Systems (3)

"conoid" = sponge canal system

1. Asconoid

2. Synconoid

3. Levconoid

*(in order of increasing complexity)

(Sponge Canal System) Asconoid

ostia → spongocoel → osculum

the simplest sponge canal system

- few folds, so less efficient

(Sponge Canal System) Synconoid

Ostia → prosopyle → radial canal → osculum

more complex because it has folds/canals so it’s more efficient

(Sponge Canal System) Levconoid

most complex and efficient sponge canal system

• ostia → “many small chambers” → osculum

(Sponge Anatomy) Pinacocytes

→ 🍍 has hard, protective layer

• form dermal layer (outside, protective layer)

• form osta (allows water to go in)

(Sponge Anatomy) Amoebocyte (3)

--> "A" for All

1. stem cells that can differentiate into the other cell types

2. Digest food articles

3. produce spicules

* they do it all

Sponges Reproduction (Asexual & Sexual)

Asexual

• fragmentation

• budding with gemmules

Sexual

• monocious → spawning

• larval parenchymula forms

(Asexual Reproduction in Sponges) Fragmentation

sponge breaks into pieces, and each piece can grow into a new sponge

*new sponge grows from a broken part of parent sponge basically

(Asexual Reproduction in Sponges) Budding with gemmules

new sponges forming from the parent’s body

• budding: small bud forms on parent sponge and grows on new sponge

• gemmules: hard ball of cells form inside sponge (survival capsules) that grow into new sponges later

(Sexual Reproduction in Sponges) Monoecious + Spawning

*monoecious: produce both egg and sperm

Sponge producing and releasing egg/sperm into water (spawning) for fertilization

(Sexual Reproduction in Sponges) Larval Parenchymula

• After fertilization, a larval parenchymula forms. The larva attaches to a substrate and develops into an adult

  • swimming larva that settles and becomes an adult sponge

Classes in Phylum Porifera (4)

1. Calcarea

2. Hexactinellida

3. Demospongiae

4. Homoscleromorpha (irrelevant lowk)

(Animal Architecture) Levels of Organization

Puppies Chew Toys On Sofas

• Protoplasmic

• Cellular

• Tissue

• Organs

• Systems

(Animal Architecture: Levels of Organization) Protoplasmic

*Puppies

• simplest eukaryotes - protozoans

• unicellular organisms

(Animal Architecture: Levels of Organization) Cellular

*Chew

EX: sponges - multicellular animals made up of cells, NO tissues

• multicellular specialized cells only that function individually

(Animal Architecture: Levels of Organization) Tissue

*Toys

EX; Cnidarians (jellyfish) - cells grouped together to perform a function

• cells work together as a team

(Animal Architecture: Levels of Organization) Organs

*On

EX: flat worms - tissues assembled into structures w/functions (organs)

(Animal Architecture: Levels of Organization) Systems

*Sofas

EX: most animals - organs working together to perform a common function

(Animal Architecture) Symmetry (3)

1. Asymmetry

2. Radial

3. Bilateral

(Animal Architecture: Symmetry) Asymmetry

no way to divide into equal parts

EX: sponges

(Animal Architecture: Symmetry) Radial

body divided into more than 2 equal parts

• usually in sessile or weak-swimming animal

• no anterior or posterior end

• common to Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Echinoderms

EX: early animals

(Animal Architecture: Symmetry) Bilateral

body can be divided into 2 equal planes: left and right

• allows for better directional movement/locomotion

• cephalization: formation of a head

EX: in most animals like a ladybug

Cephalization- Definition and What Type of Symmetry?

Cephalization: formation of a head

Bilateral Symmetry

Body Planes

• Frontal Plane

• Sagittal Plane

• Transverse Plane

For all BILATERAL animals

Frontal Plane

Splits into a top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral)

Transverse Plane

“trans” = across

splits into a front and back

Sagittal Plane

splits into a left or right (anterior or posterior)

Dorsal vs Ventral

Dorsal: top (back)

Ventral: bottom (belly)

Anterior vs Posterior

Anterior: head end/front (mouth/head)

Posterior: tail end/back (tail)

(Animal Architecture) Reproduction & Development

1. Mitosis

2. Meiosis

3. Cleavage

4. Morula

(Animal Architecture: Reproduction and Development)

Mitosis vs Meiosis

Mitosis: for growth, repair, replacement, and asexual reproduction

• 2 identical daughter cells

• 1 division

Meiosis: for making sex cells (egg and sperm)

• 2 divisons

Syngamy

fusion of sex cells

(Animal Architecture: Reproduction and Development) Cleavage

rapids division without growth

→ forms a ball of cells called a morula

A. Radial cleavage

B. Spiral Cleavage

(Animal Architecture: Reproduction and Development) Morula

solid ball of cell (64-128 cells)

• formed after cleavage

(Types of Cleavage) Radial Cleavage

cleavage planes are symmetrical to the polar axis and priduces layers of cells on top of each other

(Types of Cleavage) Spiral Cleavage

→ Oblique → 🌀 → spiral

cleavage planes are oblique to the polar axis and produce a quartet of cells that like between others

Blastula → blastocoel

“blast” 💥 = hollow

Blastula: hollow ball of cells

Blastocoel: hollow cavity

Gastrula

forms from gastrulation

• an early embryo that has 3 layers of cells (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

(Germ Layers) Diploblastic Animals

"Di" = 2

Endoderm & Ectoderm

(Germ Layers) Triploblastic Animals

“Tri” = 3

3 Germ Layers

• Endoderm

• Mesoderm

• Ectoderm

  • Protostomes & Deuterostomes

Protostome vs Deuterostomes

Protstome: mouth formed first, then anus formed second

Deuterostome: anus formed first, then mouth formed second

Body Cavities (3)

1. Acoelomate

2. Pseudocoelomate

3. Coelomate

(Body Cavities) Acoelomate

triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity

• Cnidarians

• Platyhelminthes

*no body cavity

(Body Cavities) Pseudocoelomate

body cavity derived between the mesoderm and endoderm layers

• Nematodes

*incomplete body cavity

(Body Cavities) Coelomate

true body cavity derived from between the 2 mesoderm layers

• molluscs + all others

*true body cavity

Phylum Cnidaria characteristics

C-ARNODTHR (See Another)

• Cnidocytes; house Nematocysts (stinging cells)

• All aquatic, mostly marine

• Radial Symmetry

• No cephalization

• One opening (mouth) —> gastrovascular cavity

• Diploblastic as adults (ectoderm, mesoglea, endoderm)

• Two body types —> polyp & medusae

• Hydrostatic skeleton

• Reproduction: Asexual = budding/Sexual = spawning

Nematocyst

stinging cell

(Phylum Cnidaria):

1. Ectoderm

2. Mesoglea

3. Endoderm

1. Ectoderm = outer

2. Mesoglea = non-living, middle

3. Endoderm = inner

(Phylum Cnidaria) 2 Body Types

1. Polyp: sessile, tentacles face up (jellyfish larvae or coral)

   • monoecious

2. Medusae: free-swimming, tentacles face down (jellyfish adult)

   • diocious

   • reproduce sexually w/planula larva

(Phylum Cnidaria) Hydrostatic Skeleton

based on water pressure to help body move and stay firm

(Phylum Cnidaria) Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction

Asexual: budding (polyps)

Sexual: spawning (either)

• release sex cells into water and good luck!

Phylum Cnidaria: 4 classes?

→ “zoa”

1. Class Hydrozoa: polyp stage dominant

2. Class Scyphozoa

3. Class Cubazoa: medusae dominant, fast swimmers

4. Class Anthozoa: polyp stage dominant

What is the name for cells that use nematocysts?

Cnidocyte

Phylum Ctenophora characteristics (4)

M’LL8-dy (m’lady)

Marine, prefer warmer water

Like Cnidarians → radial symmetry and only tissue

Lack nematocysts (stinging cells, basically jellyfish w/no sting)

8 rows of comb-like plates (tenes), used for locomotion

Phylum Platyhelminthes

*Ft. Crap Minds

• Flatworms

• Triploblastic + acoelomate

• Cephalization with a highly organized nervous system

• Regenerative ability

• Asexual reproduction by fragmentation

• Parasitic mostly

• Mostly Monoecious

• Incomplete gut, only mouth

• NO respiratory, circulatory, or skeletal system

• Dorsoventrally flattened (flat top to bottom)

• Sexual Reproduction using a host(s)

Dorsoventrally flattened

flattened from top to bottom

What is the purpose of cephalization in the Phylum Platyhelminthes?

Cephalization → the head is for movement, bilateral symmetryNO respiratory, circulatory, or skeletal system

How do Platyhelminthes maintain body shape?

Since Platyhelminthes have NO skeletal system, it relies on hydrostatic pressure/skeleton

How do Platyhelminthes do cellular respiration without a respiratory system?

They do cellular respiriation throguh absoprtion/diffusion

3 Classes of Platyhelminthes

1. Class Turbellaria

2. Class Trematoda

3. Class Cestoda

(Platyhelminthes Class) Class Turbellaria

Planarians

(Platyhelminthes Class) Class Trematoda

Flukes

(Platyhelminthes Class) Class Cestoda

Tapeworms

Planarians characteristics

• free-living (not parasitic)

• ciliated epidermis

• carnivorous

• mouth and pharynx on ventral (bottom) side

Ciliated epidermis

outer layer with cilia that helps them move

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

Phylum Nematoda

Unsegmented Roundworms