Learning and Memory (Exam 4)
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233 Terms
What is learning?
The process of acquiring new information
What is memory?
The ability to store and retrieve information
What is short-term memory (STM)?
Holding a small amount of information for a short time
How many items can STM usually hold?
7 ± 2 items
How long does STM usually last?
About 30 seconds
What is working memory (WM)?
Temporary storage where information can be manipulated
Example of working memory?
Doing mental math
What is long-term memory (LTM)?
Memory that can last days, months, or years
What type of memory is remembering a phone number briefly?
Short-term memory
What type of memory is organizing a grocery list in your head?
Working memory
What type of memory is remembering a recipe you've made many times?
Long-term memory
What is encoding?
Transforming information into a form the brain can store
What is consolidation?
Stabilizing information into long-term memory
What is retrieval?
Accessing stored information
What are the three memory processes?
Encoding, consolidation, retrieval
What is declarative memory?
Memory for facts and information that can be described
What questions does declarative memory answer?
What, who, where, when, and why
What are the two types of declarative memory?
Episodic and semantic
What is episodic memory?
Memory for personal experiences
Another name for episodic memory?
Autobiographical memory
Example of episodic memory?
Remembering your graduation
What is semantic memory?
General knowledge about the world
Example of semantic memory?
Knowing Tallahassee is Florida's capital
What is nondeclarative memory?
Memory shown through performance rather than recollection
What question does nondeclarative memory answer?
How
What is procedural memory?
Learning skills through practice
Example of procedural memory?
Riding a bike
What is priming?
Exposure to one stimulus influences later responses
Example of priming?
Seeing green and later choosing green
What is associative learning?
Learning associations between events
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through stimulus associations
Example of classical conditioning?
Pavlov's dogs salivating to a bell
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through rewards and punishments
Example of operant conditioning?
Studying for a good grade
What is habituation?
Reduced response to a repeated stimulus
What type of learning is habituation?
Nonassociative learning
Example of habituation?
Ignoring a loud fan after hearing it repeatedly
What is spatial memory?
Memory for locations and environments
What brain structure is important for spatial memory?
Hippocampus
What are place cells?
Hippocampal cells active in specific locations
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding something to increase behavior
Example of positive reinforcement?
Getting a sticker for homework
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing something to increase behavior
Example of negative reinforcement?
Taking aspirin to stop a headache
What is positive punishment?
Adding something to decrease behavior
Example of positive punishment?
Getting a speeding ticket
What is negative punishment?
Removing something to decrease behavior
Example of negative punishment?
Losing phone privileges
Who was H.M.?
A patient who helped scientists understand memory
Why did H.M. have surgery?
To treat severe epilepsy