Chem 332L Lab Quiz Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering concepts from Chem 332L Quizzes 1 through 13, including organic synthesis mechanisms, analytical techniques, and lab safety.

Waste Disposal Rule

A lab practice stating that if you have extra of a reagent, it is now considered waste and should not be returned to the reagent bottle.

NMR Aromatic Hydrogens

Hydrogens that typically appear at a chemical shift of approximately $7\,\text{ppm}$.

IHD

Index of Hydrogen Deficiency, also known as the degree of unsaturation, calculated to determine the number of rings or double bonds in a structure.

Ortho, Meta, Para

The three possible positions for substituents on a disubstituted aromatic ring.

TLC Polarity Rule

A principle where the most polar compounds stick more strongly to a polar TLC plate and stay towards the bottom, while nonpolar compounds move higher with the nonpolar solvent.

Like Dissolves Like

A solubility principle where nonpolar substances dissolve in and move with nonpolar solvents.

TLC Visualization Methods

Techniques such as using an iodine chamber or $UV$ light to make invisible spots visible on a TLC plate.

Electrophile

A chemical species that is electron-deficient ($\delta+$), electron-poor, or attracted to electrons.

Nucleophile

A chemical species that is electron-rich ($\delta-$), contains a nucleus-seeking center, or acts as an electron donor.

Grignard Side Reaction with Water

A process where water protonates the Grignard reagent ($R-MgBr + H_2O \rightarrow R-H + MgBrOH$), leading to the loss of the nucleophile.

Limiting Reagent

The reactant that produces the lowest theoretical yield of product and is completely consumed first in a reaction.

n + 1 Rule

A rule used to determine the splitting pattern of an NMR peak, where the number of neighbors ($n$) plus one equals the multiplicity (e.g., $2 + 1 = 3$ for a triplet).

NMR Integration

The value representing the relative number of hydrogens contributing to a specific peak in an NMR spectrum.

Oxidation

An organic reaction where a carbon atom gains bonds to electronegative atoms, especially oxygen, or losing bonds to hydrogen.

Magnesium Sulfate ($MgSO_4$)

A drying agent used in lab to remove water from a reaction mixture.

Rotovap

A laboratory technique or equipment used to remove solvents like hexanes from a mixture via evaporation.

Hydrogen Bonding

An intermolecular force present in glucose due to many $-OH$ bonds but absent in glucose pentaacetate.

Specific Rotation Formula

$Specific\,rotation = \frac{Observed\,rotation}{c \times l}$, where $c$ is concentration in $g/mL$ and $l$ is path length in $dm$.

Polarimetry

A technique used to evaluate the optical rotation or chirality of a substance by measuring how it rotates plane-polarized light.

Reflux

A laboratory technique that allows a reaction to be heated at its boiling point for an extended period without losing solvent, as vapors condense and drip back into the flask.

Reduction

A reaction that involves increasing the number of bonds to hydrogen or decreasing the number of bonds to oxygen.

Sodium Borohydride ($NaBH_4$)

A reagent used to reduce ketones or aldehydes to alcohols.

Fischer Esterification

The reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ester.

Saponification

A base-promoted hydrolysis of an ester that produces a carboxylate ion (salt) and an alcohol.

Surfactant Structure

A molecule like soap that contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail and a hydrophilic carboxylate ion head.

IR Spectroscopy

An analytical technique used to identify functional groups, such as $O-H$, $C=O$, and $C-O$, or to confirm the formation of products like conjugated carbonyls.

Enolate

The reactive species formed from a reagent like acetone in an aldol condensation reaction.

Benzilic Acid Rearrangement

A reaction where benzil is converted to benzilic acid through a 1,2-phenyl migration.

Acidification (Synthesis of Benzilic Acid)

The addition of $HCl$ to reach a $pH$ of 2 to ensure full protonation and precipitation of the benzilic acid product.

Controlled Radical Polymerization

A method of polymerization that keeps radical concentrations low to minimize termination and allow uniform chain growth.

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy and is regenerated at the end of the process.

Precipitation

An isolation technique used for polymers like PMMA, which is insoluble in methanol and solids out when added to it.