world civ 3

Ennin

A Japanese monk who traveled to China to obtain original Buddhist texts.

Chakravartin Kings

a king who rules over all four of the continents (i.e., a universal monarch)

Silk Routes

Overland routes through Central Asia connecting China and India, as well as the sea routes around Southeast Asia, along which were transmitted teachings, technologies, and languages.

Bodhisattvas

Future Buddhas. As the ideal types for Mahayana Buddhism, beings who have experienced enlightenment but, motivated by compassion, stop short of entering nirvana so as to help others achieve it

Gupta Dynasty

(ad 320-500)ruled indias golden age in science, art, and literature

Bhakti

devotion to a deity or guru

Angkor Wat

A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu.

Curse of the Golden Flower

hours of the day divided by zodiac
ladies cover mouth when drinking
empress is sick = meds
dormitory= yuniks and servants

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.

Empress Wu

the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.

An Lushan

Foreign-born general who led a major revolt against the Tang dynasty in 755-763, perhaps provoking China's turn to xenophobia

Chang'an

was the capital of several dynasties of ancient China from the Zhou to the Tang and eventually became one of the world's great metropolises

Diamond Sutra

the worlds first known printed book, was printed and China,and was also a religious Buddhist text

Woodblock Printing

a type of printing in which text is carved into a block of wood and the block is then coated with ink and pressed on the page

Tibetan Empire

ibet was unified as a large and powerful empire, and ruled an area considerably larger than the Tibetan Plateau, stretching to parts of East Asia, Central Asia and South Asia.

Three Kingdoms

Koguryo, Paekche, & Silla; three nations on the Korean peninsula formed by the late 300s

Silla Kingdom

This kingdom in Korea had to pay large tributaries to the Chinese emperor.

Bone Rank System

Korean social ranking system used by the Silla dynasty that divided Korean families into seven different categories, with kings coming from only the top group.

Yamato Clan

Clan, or uji, that dominated a corner of Honshu and set up Japan's first and only dynasty

Nihon Shoki

The Chronicles of Japan, is the second oldest book of classical Japanese history;the most complete extant historical record of ancient Japan.

Soga Clan

Powerful Japanese family of Korean descent that ruled in conjunction with the Yamato clan from 587 to 645; introduced Buddhism to Japan.

Prince Shotoku

Japanese regent, he was one of Japan's greatest leaders. He was influential in bringing Buddhism and Chinese ideas to Japan.

Heian

Japanese city later called Kyoto; built to escape influence of Buddhist monks.

Murasaki Shikibu

Japan's greatest author, a woman active at the Heian court who is best known for The Tale of Genji, which she wrote around 1000 C.E.

Tale of Genji

Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society.

Kana alphabet

the term kana may refer to a number of syllabaries used to write Japanese phonological units, morae.

Samarkand

Samarkand is a city in Uzbekistan known for its mosques and mausoleums. It's on the Silk Road, the ancient trade route linking China to the Mediterranean.

Kalidasa

One of India's greatest poets and playwrights

Islam

the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life

Allah

God of Islam

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

Koran

The holy book of Islam

Bedouins

small groups of nomadic people in Arabia

Sheikhs

patriarchal leaders of tribal groups on the Arabian Peninsula

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Ummayads

Family that came to power after the death of Ali; moved capital to Damascus.

Quraysh

Dominant tribe in Mecca, tribe of which Mohhamad was born

Ka'ba

the qibla (Kible), the direction Muslims perform the Salat, the prayer, in. The area around the Ka'ba is considered sacred, and inside this the truce of God reigns.

Medina

a city in western Saudi Arabia; a city where Muhammad preached

Ali

the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites

Hejira

The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina

hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims

5 Pillars of Islam

1. belief in one God, Allah, and Muhammad his prophet2. daily prayer; pray 5 times a day facing Mecca- mosques- Jewish places for worship 3. alms (offering) for the poor 4. fasting (sunrise to sunset) during Ramadan (September-October) 5. hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime (and visit Kaaba)

Umma

The community of all Muslims

Dhimmi

Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists
Non-muslims. "protected people". Only had to pay jizya (small tax) and retained personal freedom.

Caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

Copts & Nestorians

Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims

Sunni-Shiite Split

Division within Islam that began with conflict over the succession of the Caliph

Jizya

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

Hadiths

"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam

1001 Nights

most famous literature of the Arabs

Abbasids

A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.

Islamic scholarship

the establishment of colleges, principally for the study of religion and law

Harun al-Rashid

Most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights.

succession dispute

A war of succession is a type of war concerning struggle for the throne: a conflict about supreme power in a monarchy.

Harems & eunuchs

Eunuchs were the integral other half of the harem

Hulegu

Grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad.

Mahmud of Ghazni

Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Sufism

A group of devotional movements in Islam

Nok

West Africa's earliest known culture

Nubia & Ethiopia

Christian kingdoms

King Lalibela

Ethiopian king and monarch of zagwe dynasty who directed a remarkable building project in which 11 great churches were sculpted from rock into the ground

Sundiata

the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes

Sudanic States

States trading to north Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways.

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Jenne and Timbuktu

major cities of commercial trade located on the niger, Attracted Scholars, craft specialists, and foreign merchants, Timbuktu was famous for its library and university

Songhay/Songhai

Successor state to the Mali Empire; formed an independent kingdom under the Berber dynasty capital at Gao.

Swahili Coast

region along east coast of Africa, part of Indian Ocean trade route, Islam influenced

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Yoruba States

city-states that developed in northern Nigeria; artistic style possibly related to earlier Nok culture; agricultural society supported by peasantry and dominated by ruling family and aristocracy

Benin

a kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s

Kongo

Kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy.

Byzantine Empire

The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Justianian

He rebuilt many Churches in Constantionople and reconnected the East with the West.

Hagia Sophia

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

Belisarius

One of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of western Europe; commanded in north Africa and Italy

Procopius

Historian of the Byzantine Empire who in his Secret History revealed the cruelty of the autocratic system in which the emperor ruled by divine providence.

Avicenna

Arabian philosopher and physician

Ibn Battutta

Morrocan scholar. Served as judge (qadi) in Islamic places like India, East Africa, Mali, and Maldives

Greek Fire

Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople

Empress Theodora

The most powerful woman in Byzantine history, she passed laws and advisd her husband, Justinian

Byzantine Art

Characterized in architecture by round arches, large domes, and extensive use of mosaic; characterized in painting by formal design, frontal and stylized figures, and rich use of color, especially gold, in generally religious subject matter

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Eastern Orthodox Church

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia

Cyril & Methodius

Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic.

Kievan Rus

first civilization in russia that was greatly influenced by the byzantine

Rurik

Legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E.

Vladimir I

Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity

Yaroslav the Wise

He ruled Kiev (1019-1054), forged trading alliances with western Europe, and created a legal code

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Tatars

Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact.

Dhows

Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo.

Vijayanagar

definition: independent empire proclaimed by Harihara and Bukka; "city of victory". Dominate state in southern India until 1565

significance: brought order to Southern India

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

Carolingian Dynasty

a Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father that ruled from 751 to 987

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

Charlemagne

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor