0450 iGCSE Business Studies Key Formuale and General Equation

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Last updated 2:20 AM on 5/18/26
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28 Terms

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Added Value
Selling price of product – Cost of bought-in materials/components
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Productivity
Output ÷ Quantity of input
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Labour Productivity
Total output in a given time period ÷ Total workers employed
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Total Cost
Fixed costs + Variable costs
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Average Cost (Unit Cost)
Total cost of production ÷ Number of units produced
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Total Revenue
Quantity sold × Selling price
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Revenue
Selling price × Quantity sold
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Contribution per Unit
Selling price (per unit) − Variable costs (per unit)
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Total Contribution
Unit contribution × Output
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Break-even Level of Production
Fixed costs ÷ Contribution per unit
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Margin of Safety
Current output level − Break-even level of output
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Net Cash Flow
Total cash inflow − Total cash outflow
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Closing Cash Balance
Opening cash balance + (Cash inflows − Cash outflows)
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Working Capital (Net Current Assets)
Current assets − Current liabilities
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Gross Profit
Revenue − Cost of sales
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Cost of Sales
(Opening inventories + Purchases) − Closing inventories
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Net Profit
Total revenue − Total costs
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Retained Profit
Net profit − (Tax + Dividends)
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Owners' Equity (Shareholders' Funds)
Total assets − Total liabilities
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Capital Employed
Shareholders’ funds + Non-current liabilities
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Market Share (%)
(Total sales of business ÷ Total sales of industry) × 100
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Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) (%)
(Net profit ÷ Capital employed) × 100
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Gross Profit Margin (%)
(Gross profit ÷ Revenue) × 100
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Net Profit Margin (%)
(Net profit ÷ Revenue) × 100
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Current Ratio
Current assets ÷ Current liabilities
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Acid Test Ratio
(Current assets − Inventories) ÷ Current liabilities
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Social Cost
Private costs + External costs
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Social Benefit
Private benefits + External benefits