AP Euro Summer Terms

Annals of Agriculture

The Annals of Agriculture was a periodical written by Arthur Young from 1784-1815, among other writers such as King George III and George Washington. It drew upon various farming practices, including livestock breeding, fertilization, crop rotation, and other innovative farming techniques. It was related to the “new husbandry” movement. It was a model that transcended borders.

Richard Arkwright

Considered to be the father of the modern factory (1732–1792); An English entrepreneur and businessman (and later Knight), he was known for his water frame achievements, particularly in cotton factories. For these reasons, his implementations contributed to the Industrial Revolution.

Ataturk

Mustafa Kemal (1881-1938) was known as Ataturk—meaning “father of the Turks.” He was a young nationalist and he sought to rid the Greeks who sought to control Anatolia (Asia Minor, connecting Europe to Asia). He abandoned the Ottoman sultanate, made Turkey independent of European control, and made Turkey a secular state (despite large Muslim population).

Robert Bakewell

Robert Bakewell (1725-1795) was an English agriculturalist, who was famous in jumpstarting the British agricultural revolution. He was known for selective/artificial breeding for prized traits among sheep and cattle. He created multiple species through his selective breeding techniques.

Balfour Declaration

1917; The British accepted Zionist views and promised Jews a state in Palestine. It is seen as controversial due to Britain’s lack of maintaining promises and serving as a catalyst for future conflicts between Israel and Palestine. Specifically, the declaration went against Britain’s promise to create an Arab state in the Middle East (which they believed included Palestine).

Tangent question: What were Britain’s motives for breaking up the Ottoman Empire?

Britain wanted control over the Middle East region for a few key regions: they wanted to secure geographic pathways to India and other parts of Asia for key trading purposes (e.g. the Suez Canal), they didn’t want rivals like Russia or France to have control, and they wanted oil control as well.

Baroque Art/Architecture

Baroque art is very elaborate, ornate, and detailed. Utilizes many curved lines. Flourished between 1550-1750. Often is very theatrical, dramatic, etc. Michelangelo is one of the most famous artists who employed Baroque art. St. Peter’s Basilica is one of the most famous examples. Often associated with Roman Catholic ideas.

Simone de Beauvoir

Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) was a key feminist and political advocate. She is best known for her work “The Second Sex,” in which she describes the existentialism regarding gender. Her famous line is, “One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.” She argued that social constructs defined women, not biological factors.