Survey of Phyla

Deuterostomes

Blastopore becomes anus, indeterminate development, enterocoelous, radial cleavage

Protostomes

Blastopore becomes the mouth, determinate development, schizocoelous, spiral cleavage

The protists \________ are the closest living groups to animals

choanoflagellates

Porifera

Sponges, Cellular level of organization, Asymmetrical, Consists of different cells types that have unique functions, Walls have spicules for strength, Sessile, with free living larvae

Reproduction in sponges

sexually (hermaphroditic) or asexually (fragmenting, budding, or producing gemmules)

Circulation and feeding in sponges

Water is drawn into and circulated through the hollow body of the sponge by the movement of the choanocytes’ flagella, bringing in food and oxygen and carrying out wastes (filter feed)

Amoebocytes

multi-purpose cells

Gemmules

Packets of cells covered in a protective coating making them resistant to desiccation.

Sponge sperm

are transformed choanocytes.

Cnidaria

Jellyfish, anemones, Tissue level of organization, Radial symmetry, Diploblastic

Two body forms of Cnidaria

polyp and medusa

Cnidocytes

nematocysts, Neural net, Have sensory receptors (touch, gravity, light), Sexual and asexual reproduction, Corals build calcium carbonate exoskeletons (coral reefs), Can spend most of their life in one form or alternate between them,

Body cavity in Cnidocytes

has one opening and a 2-way gut

The body wall in Cnidocytes

the epidermis and the gastrodermis. Between these layers is the mesoglea, which may be acellular or cellular.

What is the first creatures to have extracellular digestion?

Cnidocytes

Describe reproduction in Cnidocytes

In species with both life forms, gamates are produced by the medusa and develop into a planula that becomes a polyp. In species with only the polyp form asexual reproduction can occur along with the production of gametes and develop into a planula that becomes a polyp, In species with only the medusa form the planula only develops into another medusa

Platyhelminthes

Flatworms, tapeworms, flukes, Organ level organization, Bilateral symmetry, Cephalized but most lack mouths, Triploblastic, Acoelonmate (solid body), Flat,Ganglion and nerve cords, Eye spots

Reproduction in Platyhelminthes

Sexual reproduction

Living conditons and environment of Platyhelminthes

Free living and parasitic, Can live in marine, freshwater, and moist terrestrial environments

What phylum has an excretory system with flame cells?

Platyhelminthes

What were the first creatures to have an execratory system that deals with nitrogenous waste and maintains water balance?

Flatworms

The first creatures to have internal fertilization

Free living flat worms

Tape worms that live in the gut of vertebrates lack

a mouth and digestive system

Tape worms are mostly composed of

reproductive proglottids

What happens when tape worms mature?

they break off and are excreted in the feces

Rotifera

Rotifers, Organ level of organization, Bilateral symmetry, Triploblastic, 1- way gut, Pseudocoelomate, Microscopic, Pseudocoelom acts as a hydro static skeleton,Most are freshwater, Can become dormant when dehydrated

What are corona cilia and where are they found

they are used for locomotion and feeding and are found in rotifers

What is the purpose of a telescopic foot?

It has a toe containing a cement glad that allows it to attach to objects

How do rotifers feed?

Filter feed on algae, organic particles, dead bacteria, and protozoa

How do rotifers reproduce?

Some reproduce sexually through internal fertilization. Some reproduce by parthenogenesis

Mollusca

Snails, clams, oysters, octopus, Organ level of organization, Most bilaterally symmetrical but some are secondarily asymmetrical, Triploblastic, 1-way gut, Eucoelomate, Open circulatory system that has a heart, Most are marine

A scraping tongue (radula) is characteristic of what phylum?

Mollusca

How are nitrogenous wastes removed in mollusks?

Nephridia

Where is the mantle of molluscs located and what does it do?

It is located on the dorsal side. Shells are secreted by the outside surface of the mantle and are made of calcium carbonate.

What do Molluscs other than cephalopods use their muscular foot for?

locomotion primarily, but may also be used for digging or attachment to a surface

Are most mollucs dioecious?

Yes

Annelida

Segmented worms, Organ level of organization, Bilateral symmetry, Triploblastic, 1-way gut, Closed circulatory system, Ventral nerve cord, Longitudinal circular muscles, Hydrostatic skeleton

Metameric segmentation

different segments able to be differentiated for different functions. Each segment has an excretory organ

In annelida do exterior and interior segments line up?

Sometimes they do, sometimes they don't

Describe the methods of reproduction in different types of segmented worms

Marine worms are mostly dioecious and have external fertilization. Earthworms and leeches are hermaphroditic

Nematoda

roundworms, Organ level of organization, bilateral symmetry, Triploblastic, 1-way gut, Pseudocoelomate, Found in all environments, Covered by a flexible cuticle that is eventually moulted

Describe reproduction in Nematodes

Sexually dimorphic, Internal fertilization, Can be parasitic

Locomotion in nematodes

Only longitudinal muscles, produces thrashing motion

What are some of the nematodes that infect humans

Hookworms, pinworms, filariasis (elephantiasis)

Tardigrada

Organ level of organization, Bilateral symmetry, Triploblastic, Eucoelomate around gonad, hemocoel everywhere else, 1-way gut, Lack circulatory and respiratory system, Brain and simple nervous system, Segmented body, Sexual and parthenogenesis reproduction

Arthropoda

Organ level of organization, Bilateral symmetry, Triploblastic, 1-way gut, Eucoelomate, Segmented bodies, Rigid chitinous exoskeleton that is moulted, Jointed appendages, Open circulatory system, Nervous system is composed of a double chain of ventral ganglia with three fused pairs of dorsal ganglia that make up the brain.

What phylum makes up 65% of all species?

Arthropods

Tagmata

Segments specialized into functional groups

How do terrestrial insects breathe?

through a tracheal tube system

How do insects reproduce?

Through sexual reproduction with internal fertilization

How do aquatic arthropods breathe?

They have gills

How do arachnids breathe?

They have book lungs instead of, or in conjunction with a tracheal system

Echinodermata

Echinoderms, Organ level of organization, Penta-radial symmetry, Triploblastic, 1-way gut, Eucoelomate

Water-vascular system

enters through the madreporite and the radial canal goes down the appendages from the ring canal in the center

What do Echinoderms use their tube feet for?

locomotion, gas exchange and feeding, Endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate plates (ossicles)

How do Echinoderms reproduce?

Most though sexual reproduction with external fertilization. Species with asexual reproduction can regenerate limbs

Chorodata

chrodates, Organ level of organization, Nervous system, Closed circulatory system, Amniotic eggs (some but not all), Bilaterally symmetrical, Eucoelomate, 1-way gut, Endoskeleton, Notochord, Pharyngeal gill slits, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Postanal tail

When are most traits of chorodates seen?

Most traits are only seen in larval stages

What are the subphyla of chorodates?

Urochordata (tunicates), Cephalochordata (lancelets)

What subphylum are the only ones to have chordate features as adults?

Lancelets (Cephalochrodata)

Vertebrata

vertebrates, Head with special sense organs, Internal organs, Endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage, vertebral column, neural crest

Vertebral column

Found in all vertebrates but hagfish and lamprey

Neutral crest

cells that contribute to the development of many structures