ADH - Bio - differences

absolute fitness VS relative fitness

absolute fitness:

• the ratio between the frequency of individuals with a particular genotype AFTER selection, to BEFORE selection.

• freq after / freq before

relative fitness:

• the ratio between the number of surviving offspring of a PARTICULAR genotype, to the number of surviving offspring of the MOST SUCCESSFUL genotype

• number of offspring (particular) / number of offspring (successful)

fundamental niche VS realised niche

fundamental niche : the full range of conditions a species would occupy in the absence of interspecific competition.

realised niche : conditions that are actually occupied in response to interspecific competition.

intERspecific VS intRAspecific

interspecific : different species

intraspecific : same species

separation techniques

centrifuge : separates substances of different density.

paper/thin layer chromatography : separates based on the solubility of the substance (sugars and amino acids) in the solvent used.

affinity chromatography : separates specific proteins.

1. solid matrix/gel column created with specific molecules (receptors) bound.

2. soluble, target proteins that have a high affinity for these molecules become attached as the mixture moves down the column

3. non-target/weaker affinity molecules are washed out

gel electrophoresis : separates proteins and nucleic acids.

• an electric field is applied across a gel matrix and charged macromolecules move through

native gel electrophoresis : separates proteins by their shape, size and charge.

SDS-page : separates proteins by size alone.

• gives all molecules an equally negative charge and denatures them.

monogamy VS polygamy VS polygyny/polyandry

monogamy : an individual of one sex mates with only one individual.

• ( favoured when - parental care required from both parents , offspring depends on parental investment )

polygamy : individuals of one sex have more than one mate.

1. polygyny : one male mates with multiple females

2. polyandry : one female mates with multiple males

G-proteins VS phosphorylation cascades

G-proteins : relay signals from activated receptors to target proteins (such as enzymes and ion channels)

phosphorylation cascades : a series of events with one kinase enzyme activating the next in the sequence.

integral proteins VS peripheral proteins

integral : interact extensively (through hydrophobic interactions) with the hydrophobic region of membrane phospholipids.

peripheral : contain hydrophilic R-groups (on their surface) and are bound to the surface of membranes (by ionic and hydrogen bond interactions)