Mental Health and Wellbeing: Historical Perspectives and Modern Models

Flashcards covering the history of mental health conceptualisation, New Zealand adolescent health statistics, diagnostic classification systems (ICD-11 vs DSM-5-TR), and indigenous health models (Fonofale and Meihana).

In ancient times, what were considered the primary causes of diagnosable mental health conditions?

Causes were considered largely spiritual, such as demons or angry gods.

During the 17th century Enlightenment, how did the conceptualisation of mental illness shift?

It gradually shifted from the realm of theology into that of medicine, marking the rise of the medical model.

What became the centre of attention for treatment in the $1800s$, according to Chakravrty ($2017$)?

The brain became the centre of attention, and pharmacology became one of the most powerful approaches to treatment.

What was the view of mental disorders in the late $19th$ century that led to eugenics and segregation?

Mental disorders were viewed as 'diseases', which led to a fear of contamination.

In what year was the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published?

$$1952$$

What is the estimated prevalence of mental health problems among young people?

Approximately $1$ in $5$ young people.

According to the Youth2000 survey series, what was the reduction in the prevalence of past-month binge drinking between $2001$ and $2019$?

It decreased from $41.5\%$ to $21.8\%$.

What increase in depression symptoms among New Zealand secondary school students was recorded in the Youth2000 surveys?

Symptoms increased from $13.0\%$ to $22.8\%$.

What were the recorded changes in suicide thoughts and attempts in the Youth2000 survey data?

Suicide thoughts increased from $15.3\%$ to $20.8\%$ and attempts increased from $3.9\%$ to $6.3\%$.

In Western psychology, what three patterns are traditionally associated with the definition of a disorder?

Distress, Disability, or Increased risk for further suffering/harm.

What are the primary differences between the ICD-11 and the DSM-5-TR?

The ICD-11 is produced by the WHO, covers all illnesses, and is free, while the DSM-5-TR is produced by the APA, covers only mental health, and has a cost.

What is the structural foundation of the Fonofale model of Pasifika health?

Family is the foundation, with Culture serving as the shelter.

What are the five dimensions explored in Te Waka Hourua (Double-hulled canoe) of the Meihana Model?

Tinana (physical body), Hinengaro (psychological/emotional), Ratonga Hauora (access to quality health services), Wairua (connectedness), and Taiao (physical environments).

In the Meihana Model, what does Ngā Hau e Whā (the four winds) identify?

Current and historical societal influences on Māori, including colonisation, racism, migration, and marginalisation.

What are the four components of Ngā Roma Moana (The Ocean Currents) in the Meihana Model?

Āhua (personalised indicators), Tikanga (Māori cultural principles), Whānau (relationships/roles), and Whenua (genealogical/spiritual connection to land).

In the Meihana Model, what is the role of Whakatere (Navigation)?

It integrates information from the Waka Hourua, Ngā Hau e Whā, and Ngā Roma Moana into formulation and diagnosis, while challenging clinicians to mitigate personal and institutional biases.

What does the acronym WEIRD stand for in the context of research sampling bias?

Western, educated, industrialised, rich, and democratic.