2017

Social influence: Identify the type of data in this experiment. Explain your answer.

[2 marks]

Quantitive as data is numerical

Using your knowledge of social influence, explain the likely outcome of this experiment.

[3 marks]

more participants in condition 1 will complete the questionnaire than in condition 2/fewer participants in condition 2 will complete the questionnaire than in condition 1.

normative social influence – participants will follow the majority to avoidrejection/fit in

the participants in condition 2 experienced

For this study, the researchers had to use different participants in each condition and this could have affected the results.

Outline one way in which the researchers could have addressed this issue.

[4 marks]

matched pairs design

participants should be matched on a variable that is relevant to the experiment

• this could be ascertained through the use of a pre-test e.g. completing a confidence questionnaire

• participants from each matched pair are allocated to different conditions.

In order to analyse the difference in the number of participants who completed the questionnaire in each condition, the researchers used a chi-squared test.

Apart from reference to the level of measurement, give two reasons why the researchers used the chi-squared test.

[2 marks]

difference and independent groups

With reference to the critical values in Table 1, explain whether or not the calculated value of chi-squared is significant at the 5% level.

[2 marks]

the calculated/observed value (3.97) is more than/exceeds the critical/table value of 3.84/at 5% so is significant

Discuss the authoritarian personality as an explanation for obedience.

[8 marks]

authoritarian personality is a collection of traits developed from strict/rigid parenting

• examples of traits – conformist/conventional/dogmatic/hostile towards those of perceived

lower status (scapegoating)

• obedient/servile towards people of perceived higher status.

• assessment of the authoritarian personality using the F-scale

Outline one alternative explanation for obedience.

[3 marks]

agentic shift/state: person ‘unthinkingly’ carries out orders; diffusion of responsibility

Memory: Two types of long-term memory are procedural memory and episodic memory.

Explain two differences between procedural memory and episodic memory.

[4 marks]

procedural memories are memories of motor skills/actions/muscle memories; episodic memories are memories of life events

each type of memory may reside in a different area of the brain

When tested after 30 minutes, participants found it more difficult to recall the words from List B in the correct order.

Using your knowledge of coding in memory, explain these findings.

[4 marks]

Immediate task

• list A is made up of words that are acoustically similar/sound similar

• this will cause confusion/difficulty/problems (when tested immediately) as short-term memory (STM) uses acoustic/phonetic/sound-based coding

Delayed task

• list B is made up of words that are semantically similar/have similar meaning

• this will cause confusion/difficulty/problems (when tested after 30 minutes) as long-term memory (LTM) uses semantic/meaning-based coding.

Outline and evaluate research (theories and/or studies) into the effects of misleading information on eyewitness testimony.

[16 marks]

Leading questions:

• Loftus and Palmer (1974) – estimates of speed based on changing verb in the critical question

• response-bias explanation – leading questions do not affect memory, just choice of answer

Post-event discussion:

• memory contamination – co-witnesses mix (mis)information

Attachment: Which two of the following are associated with an insecure-resistant attachment type?

Choose two from the options A, B, C, D and E.

[2 marks]

A+ C

Name three of the stages of attachment identified by Schaffer.

[3 marks]

asocial, multiple, indiscriminate

What is meant by ‘reciprocity’ in the context of caregiver-infant interaction?

[2 marks]

Reciprocity – caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way/mutual process; each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking). The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.

Briefly evaluate research into caregiver-infant interaction.

[4 marks]

babies cannot communicate so inferences must be drawn

Anca is an orphan who has recently been adopted by a British couple. Before being adopted, Anca lived in an institution with lots of other children in very poor conditions.

Her new parents are understandably concerned about how Anca’s early experiences may affect her in the future.

Use your knowledge of the effects of institutionalisation to advise Anca’s new parents about what to expect.

[5 marks]

• delayed IQ development

• Type D

• emotional development

Discuss findings of research into cultural variations in attachment.

[8 marks]

Psychopathology: Which two of the following are cognitive characteristics of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Choose two from the options A, B, C, D and E.

[2 marks]

A+ E

Outline one or more ways in which behaviourists treat phobias.

[6 marks]

Flooding and SD