DAT Ch 5: Cell Division

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Last updated 6:45 PM on 5/30/26
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11 Terms

1
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What does the cell theory state about cell division?

All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division

2
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Identify the different components in the diagram

Chromosomes = individual DNA molecules that contain a portion of entire genome

Homologous chromosome pair = pairs of homologous chromosomes that contain genes in the same order

  • One chromosome inherited from each parent

Sister chromatids = identical, attached copies of a single chromosome that form dyads

Dyads = replicated chromosomes w/ 2 sister chromatids in X formation

Centromeres = regions of DNA that connect sister chromatids in dyad

Kinetochores = proteins on sides of centromeres → help MTs pull sister chromatids apart during cell division

<p><strong>Chromosomes</strong> = individual DNA molecules that contain a portion of entire genome </p><p><strong>Homologous chromosome pair</strong> = pairs of homologous chromosomes that contain genes in the same order </p><ul><li><p>One chromosome inherited from each parent </p></li></ul><p><strong>Sister chromatids</strong> = identical, attached copies of a single chromosome that form dyads</p><p><strong>Dyads</strong> = replicated chromosomes w/ 2 sister chromatids in X formation</p><p><strong>Centromeres</strong> = regions of DNA that connect sister chromatids in dyad</p><p><strong>Kinetochores</strong> = proteins on sides of centromeres → help MTs pull sister chromatids apart during cell division</p><p></p>
3
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What are the 2 processes involved in M-phase of the cell cycle?

Karyokinesis = division of nucleus = PMAT

Cytokinesis = physical division of cytoplasm & cell membrane

4
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Describe ploidy and the 2 terms used to describe the concept in eukaryotic cells

Ploidy = # of chromosome sets in the body

  • Diploid = cells contain 2 sets of chromosomes

    • 1 chromosome set per parent

    • Humans = 23 pairs of 46 chromosomes = 2n = 46

  • Haploid = cells contain 1 set of chromosomes

    • n = 23 chromosomes

<p>Ploidy = # of chromosome sets in the body </p><ul><li><p>Diploid = cells contain 2 sets of chromosomes </p><ul><li><p>1 chromosome set per parent </p></li><li><p>Humans = 23 pairs of 46 chromosomes = 2n = 46</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Haploid = cells contain 1 set of chromosomes </p><ul><li><p>n = 23 chromosomes </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
5
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What are the 2 types of chromosomes in a genome?

Sex chromosomes = 1 pair in human body, determine sex of human

Autosomes = 22 pairs in human body → nonsex chromosomes

<p><strong>Sex chromosomes</strong> = 1 pair in human body, determine sex of human</p><p><strong>Autosomes</strong> = 22 pairs in human body → nonsex chromosomes</p>
6
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What are the 2 types of cells?

Gametes = haploid reproductive cells (sperm & egg)

Somatic cells = all body cells excluding gametes (diploid in humans)

<p><strong>Gametes</strong> = haploid reproductive cells (sperm &amp; egg)</p><p><strong>Somatic cells</strong> = all body cells excluding gametes (diploid in humans)</p>
7
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Describe the 3 types of cells involved in the germ line

Germ cells = diploid cells that divide through mitosis to differentiate → gametocytes

Gametocyte = eukaryotic differentiated germ cells divide through meiosis → gametes

Gametes = haploid reproductive cells (sperm & egg)

8
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What are the 2 main phases of the cell cycle and its components?

Interphase = longest stage of cell cycle, where cell grows, carries out functions, and duplicates DNA

  • G1 G0 S G2

  • 90% of cell cycle

M-phase = final stage of cell cycle

  • Karyokinesis = division of nucleus/genetic material

    • Prophase

    • Metaphase

    • Anaphase

    • Telophase

  • Cytokinesis = division of cell

<p><strong>Interphase</strong> = longest stage of cell cycle, where cell grows, carries out functions, and duplicates DNA</p><ul><li><p><strong>G1 G0 S G2 </strong></p></li></ul><ul><li><p>90% of cell cycle </p></li></ul><p><strong>M-phase</strong> = final stage of cell cycle </p><ul><li><p><strong>Karyokinesis</strong> = division of nucleus/genetic material</p><ul><li><p>Prophase</p></li><li><p>Metaphase</p></li><li><p>Anaphase</p></li><li><p>Telophase</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Cytokinesis</strong> = division of cell </p></li></ul><p></p>
9
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Describe the 3 major components of interphase

  1. Gap phase 1 (G1) = cell growth + G1 Checkpoint

    1. Favorable conditions = S phase

    2. Unfavorable conditions = G0

      1. G0 = cells carry out functions but exit cell cycle & no division

  2. Synthesis phase = cells replicate genome + centrosome

    1. Genome = all DNA in cell

    2. Centrosome = centriole pair + PCM

  3. Gap phase 2 (G2) = organelles replicated + G2 Checkpoint

    1. Maturation Promoting Factor = cyclin-CDK pair that forces cell to stop growing + start division

      1. Enough must be present to continue through cell cycle

<ol><li><p><strong>Gap phase 1 (G1)</strong> = cell growth + G1 Checkpoint </p><ol><li><p>Favorable conditions = S phase</p></li><li><p>Unfavorable conditions = G0 </p><ol><li><p><strong>G0</strong> = cells carry out functions but exit cell cycle &amp; no division </p></li></ol></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>Synthesis phase</strong> = cells replicate genome + centrosome </p><ol><li><p>Genome = all DNA in cell</p></li><li><p>Centrosome = centriole pair + PCM </p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>Gap phase 2 (G2)</strong> = organelles replicated + G2 Checkpoint </p><ol><li><p>Maturation Promoting Factor = cyclin-CDK pair that forces cell to stop growing + start division</p><ol><li><p>Enough must be present to continue through cell cycle</p></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><p></p>
10
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Describe the difference in M-phase for eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes

Eukaryotes → karyokinesis using MTOCs (centrosomes)

  • Mitosis

  • Meiosis

Prokaryotes → binary fission

  • Genome replication + cell division occurs AT THE SAME TIME

  • NO MTOC

“Prokaryotes = procrastinators = wait until last second to replicate genome”

11
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Describe the role of Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)