human citations 2

(Livingstone, 1992)

General shift of geography: modern/imperial geography

(Agnew and Duncan, 2011)

Pre-modern geography and chorography

(Mackinder, 1895)

Shift to a ‘causal’ subject in geography; ‘On the Scope and Methods of Geography’

(Darwin, 1859)

Darwinism

(Sauer, 1925)

Spread of living beings and their topographies across the USA: a ‘hearth-diffusion model’.

(Schaeffer, 1953)

The Quantitative Revolution in geography: argument for a reduction in ‘exceptionalism’ and seeking of universal laws.

(Haegerstrand, 1970)

Time geography

(Lansing, 2017)

Plural-value systems in Bali: Subak irrigation systems and relationships to deities.

(McNish, 2012)

US-Cap-and-Trade as a PES system.

(Kyoto Protocol, 1997)

Article 12: PES.

(Lambin et al., 2018)

Sustainable supply-chain initiatives (SSIs), collective aspirations, undermined by small-scale and leakage (where capital pressure moves production elsewhere).

(Ostrom, 1990)

Property rights and global commons: altruistic / cooperative behaviour.

(Mattman et al., 2016)

Wind power externalities in Norfolk Wind.

(Oxfam, 2023)

Class and environmentalism.

(Meehan et al., 2023)

Unsettling race and environmentalism: how race interacts with LSS.

(Kang et al., 2021)

Arguments for minimalism: positive for the mind and a paradigm in the consumer mindset.

(Daly, 1973)

Daly’s Triangle: ultimate means to ultimate ends (ultimate means being natural capital, that should be preserved to enable ultimate ends of fulfilment).

(Parris and Kates, 2003)

Taxonomy of sustainable development.

(Rockstrom et al., 2009)

Planetary boundaries

(Leach et al., 2018)

Socio-ecological systems (SES) the three axes of justice and ‘interaction dynamics’: e.g. the importance of land / resource redistribution and the ‘elite dynamic’: elite power concentration must be tackled.

(Gould et al., 2025)

WEIRD societies

(Baglioni and Campling, 2014)

GVC mode of capital accumulation: perceived distance between extraction and consumption, natural resource fetishism (certain aspects of the natural world are fetishised based on human consumption e.g. a useful plant is a crop), role of the state in enabling GVCs.

(Dasgupta, 2020)

Types of externality: silent, invisible, mobile

(Garrett et al., 2026)

Policy cycles: agenda setting > formulation > implementation > evaluation (with 8 key policy principles)

(Spash, 2024)

Heterodox economics: orthodox dissenters and radicals: example of eco-Marxism as capitalism being inherently extractive (exchange v. use-value) and contradicting; critique of occasionally considering value-in-Humans and value-in-Nature as independent.

(Sultana, 2022)

Maintenance and feminist economies

(Raworth, 2012)

Doughnut economics: social foundation and climatic ceiling.

(Meyfroidt et al., 2020)

10 land system facts.

(Steffen et al., 2007)

The Anthropocene and Great Acceleration

(Curtis et al., 2018)

Commodity-driven deforestation globally.

(Jambeck et al., 2015)

Plastic pollution statistics

(Pascual et al., 2017)

Relational values

(Ehrlich, 1981)

Ecosystem services definition.

(Sullivan, 2019)

Plural ontologies definition

(Schill et al., 2019)

Homo economicus

(Reddy, 2021)

Dalits in India and urban political ecologies: intersection between the ‘othered’ being both the cow (positively) and Dalits (non-positively)

(Smarr et al., 2024)

Women’s health related to the environment and intersecting with neoliberalism.

(Arrow et al., 2012)

Sustainability measured in different forms of capital: manufactured, human (education, skills), natural, health, technological progress. Health capital is most important (by up to 2X) – but China, Brazil, India and USA are shown to be ‘sustainable’ under this definition.

(van Norren, 2020)

GNH in Bhutan and its focus on harmony between inner skills and outer circumstances to achieve inner peace: could bring ‘biocentrism’ to the focus of SDGs and doing away with boundaries. Rooted in a Buddhist mantra.

(O’Connor, 1998)

Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism and the two contradictions of capitalism: (1) social production/private accumulation and (2) the destruction of the conditions of production

(Sayer, 1984)

the urban as a process.

(Fox and Goodfellow, 2022)

Late urbanisation: demographic intensity, hyper-globalisation (e.g. capital flight in SS-Africa) and impacts of historicity & environmentalism (Chinese industrial v. African non-industrial urbanisation)

(Turok et al., 2018)

Urbanisation is primarily economic: urbanisation operates reciprocally with economies of scale and urban economic drawbacks.

(Fox et al., 2018)

Urbanisation is demographic, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (e.g. Nigerian 4 major conurbations with high fertility rate (=4.7)).

(Brenner and Schmid, 2014)

Planetary urbanisation

(Brenner, 2014)

Tar sands extraction in Canada being used to feed urban processes.

(Robinson and Roy, 2015)

Critique of planetary urbanisation as not considering the grounded processes of certain urbanisations and reflexivity.

(Robinson, 2002)

Ordinary cities

(Roy, 2011)

Slumdog theory

(Batty, 2016)

Digital twin cities

(Potts, 2018)

Urbanisation in Africa: Ghana, Botswana

(UN-Habitat, 2023)

Various statistics: urbanisation is important for sustainability.

(Lombard and Meth, 2017)

Urban informalities as a mixture of spatial, economic and political informalities: approached either through structuralism (blame capital) or legalism (informal settlements are a place of opportunity).

(Keil, 2017)

A suburban manifesto: putting suburbanisation at the centre of urban studies as the suburban is the centre of neoliberal activity: e.g. specialisation in Silicon Valley; immigrant communities located in suburbs.

(Lees, 2017)

Planetary gentrification and Barrio women in Venezuela fighting against gentrification.

(Madden, 2023)

Polycrisis, crises of structural capitalism

(Weaver, 2017)

Crisis-narrative in cities and understandings of crisis as structuralist, neoliberal and Marxist.

(Amin, 2007)

The good city as a place of hope and spontaneity: more-than-human urbanism?

(Boyle, 2001)

Urban decline in Detroit and segregation: Motown and the influence of capitalism.

(Yeoh, 2001)

Identity, encounters and heritage in postcolonial cities, hinting at subaltern focus on encounters, informality and identity.

(Satterhwaite, 2007)

Urban facts: focused on under-counting, factors affecting urbanisation (economics, globalisation, local factors e.g. South Africa)

(Satterhwate, 2010)

Urban myths and urban primacy.

(Harding and Blokand, 2014)

Critical urban theory: reproductions of space and Lefebvre’s theory of socially-reproduced space.

(Caldeira, 1998)

Fortified enclaves: urban segregation in LA, Brasilia, Sao Paulo

(Lewis, 1967)

Culture of poverty

(Harvey, 2004)

Right to the city

(Joy and Vogel, 2021)

Hopeful urban agenda: public housing, basic income, reduced privatisation, better environmental procedures etc.

(Smith, 1996)

The revanchist city, the myth of ‘frontier urbanism’ and Tompkins Square Park, NYC.

(Biglieri et al., 2021)

Suburbanism in N. Italy during COVID and the periphery: interactions with neoliberalism.

(Caldeira, 2017)

Peripheral urbanisation: autoconstruction and self-governance in Santiago, removed after neoliberalism infiltrates.

(Musterd, 2020)

Class and demography tying into segregation

(Preston, 1975)

Preston curve

(Dahlgren and Whitehead, 1991)

Dahlgren and Whitehead model: structural and institutional factors affecting personal health.

(Wilkinson and Pickett, 2010)

The Spirit Level: a more equitable society is healthier.

(Galster, 2010)

Environmental effects on health (e.g. bad landscapes reinforcing stress and harmful behaviour, as well as correlating to higher birth rates) – can be tied into urban segregation / vicious poverty traps.

(Hall, 2025)

Outline of the notion of discourse and the move from Saussure to Foucault: culture is a shared ‘conceptual map’ and ‘conceptual language’

(Foucault, 1976)

History of sexuality and discourse: discussion of sex was codified, meanings are constructed: ‘homosexual’, ‘madness’, ‘criminality’.

(Jazeel, 2012)

Postcolonialism as a point beyond direct rule but still under postcolonial imaginaries, summary of Said and case study of Indian orientalist imagination.

(Duncan, 1980)

Critique of the reifying power of superorganicism on culture and its normativity: assumes habitual condition, but does not discuss conceptual languages.

(Mitchell, 1995)

Culture is created: the ‘new cultural geography’ has removed superorganicism but still does not address the basis of culture

(Sharp, 2008)

Impact of culture and colonialism on urban planning in New Delhi, control of abstract space and abstract bodies.

(Thrift, 2004)

Non-representational theory and performativity

(Nash, 2000)

Tango as a performance in understanding cultural geographies: questioning broad-scale non-representational theory as too unlocalised.

(Austin, 1975)

Speech-act-theory (SAT): speech itself is an act of performance (e.g. promising / forgiving / begging)

(Kinkaid and Nelson, 2020)

Outline of Butler’s theories: critique of performativity in geography – geographers often ignoring the subject and considering it voluntary - and its application to feminist geography

(Amin and Thrift, 2017)

Seeing like a city: city life is a ‘pluriverse’ of interactions

(Tucker, 2009)

Queer men in Cape Town viewed through a lens of social visibility: how performativity has isolated this group.

(Whatmore, 2006)

Shift from meaning to affect.

(Braun, 2005)

More-than-human geography in cities and ‘urban political ecologies’ - related to actor-network-theory

(Latour, 1993)

Actor-network theory: move continuously between the human and non-human

(Latimer and Miele, 2013)

Naturecultures represent a constant affectual relationship between nature and humans.

(Bawaka Country et al., 2015)

Yolnu worldviews and gurrutu or ‘co-becoming’ with the rest of the world.

(Noxolo, 2017)

The ‘colonial matrix of power’ in geographies: economies, subjectivities, knowledge > thus power – are centred around the west. Argues for a pluriversity (subalternism)

(Radcliffe, 2017)

Modernity-coloniality-decoloniality: colonialism provides the paradigm for ‘modern’ thought: need to bring in tangible examples of the currently ‘locked-out’ such as indigenous theory.

(Kobayashi, 2013)

The theory of social constructionism and racialisation as a ‘geo-historical product’ – questioning whether a post-race world can exist with neoliberalism?

(Crenshaw, 1989)

Development of intersectionality: confinement of black women in the justice system to one aspect of their oppression.

(Moore and Joudah, 2022)

WEB DuBois and the ‘colour line’, pioneering subaltern and decolonial geopolitics

(Mackinder, 1904)

Geographical pivot of history / heartland thesis.

(Bowman, 1942)

Rejection of geopolitics post-WW2 as politicised.

(Smith, 2011)

Feminist embodied geopolitics of love and intimacy in Ladakh.