Unit 2 Test

Nile River

‘highway‘ for communication/travel; 4000 miles

yearly flooding

Upper/Lower Egypt

south; winds go toward

north; current goes toward; delta

Felucca

small Egyptian sailing boats

Cataracts

waterfalls; guard Egypt from the South

Papyrus

thick paper-like material from papyrus plant

Hieroglyphics

writing with pictures and symbols to represent sounds and ideas

Rosetta Stone

created with a decree issued by Ptolmey V around 2000 BC

hieroglyphs, Greek, Demotic

discovered in 1799

The Egyptian Gods

polytheistic: 2000-8700

gods could merge

Ra, Nut, Amun, Thoth, Bastet, Osiris, Set, Isis, Horus, Ma’at, Anubis

Osiris is the underworld dude. Set gets jealous and chops him up and throws him into the Nile. Isis cries→flooding of Nile, she puts him back together and births Horus

Ankh

key of life

Ba

soul; makes everyone unique

Ka

life force

Akh

ghost

Embalming/mummies

prevent body from rotting using chemicals, if the family could afford

gives mummy eternal existence of Ka (and thus Ba) → eternal Akh

ceremonial washing, remove organs (canopic jars), covered in natron, put in desert for 40 days, wrapped in linen with special objects, close into sarcophagus

Book of the Dead

book with spells/charms to help passage to the afterlife

Narmer

first king; unified Egypt

Pharaohs and their role

‘great house‘

living gods

crook (guide) and flail (discipline)

alive: son of Ra, embodies Horus

dead: embodies Osiris

word was LAW

Obelisk

pointed monument

Great Pyramids of Khufu

Giza; across the Nile from Memphis

built by Khufu and his family

Memphis

capital of Egypt

pharaohs demand resources/labor from subjects

extended drought→trust lost in gov’t

Pepi II

pharaoh at age 6

longest reigning monarch; 94 years

local governers gain power→independent

Old/Middle/New Kingdom

old: 2700-2000

dynastic kings, tombs, Great Pyramids, Pepi II, King Narmer, Stepped Pyramid of Djoser

middle: 2040-1782

Thebes (capital), nomarchs (wealthy) and viziers (chief ministers), Valley of the Kings

new

Egypt conquers, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep IV, Tutankhamun, Ramsses II, Hittites

Intermediate Periods

first: 2565-2040

pillaging and vandalism, warlords compete for 125 years, Thebes reunifies Egypt

second

Hyksos attacks Egypt: horse, chariot, composite bow

third

sea peoples and Assyrians invade, lead to Hellenization: Egypt absorbed by Romans

Memphis/Thebes

Egypt’s capitals: Old/Middle kingdoms

Valley of the Kings

less obvious tombs built for kings in middle to protect from grave robbers

rulers were challenged, so there was no need for pyramids

King Tut

Hyksos

ends the middle kingdom by attacking Egyptians with horse, chariot, and composite bow

rule over most of Egypt

Hatshepsut

rules on behalf of 2 uear old son Thutmose III, then declares herself king

trade, temples, military

Thutmose III

Egypt at highest power--leads army into Mesopotamia

Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten)

ruled 1353-1336

tries to make Egypt monotheistic under sun god Aten

Tutankhamun

ruled 1332-1323

son of Akhenaten

pharaoh @ 9; elders dominate and Egypt returns to normal

dies at 18: run over by chariot?

tomb found undisturbed in 1992

Ramesses II

1279-1213 BC

r-ms-sw: born of Ra

greatest military leader

Hittites

lived in Asia Minor

Battle of Kadesh

Egyptians won and Ramsses II died

first ever peace treaty

Sea Peoples

invade northern coast, invade Near East around 1200 BC

Greek/European origin

Egypt diverts them to East and is weakened

first recorded labor strike

Hebrew Bible

ancient writings forming basis of Jewish religion

historic parts focus on religious events

Client/tribute

Ancient Israel was client of Assyrian then Neo-Babylonian Empires for some time

had to pay tribute

Canaanites

inhabit Israel before Israeli civilization

Baal

polytheistic around this: god of storms

worship @ hilltop shrines and standing stones

Phoenicians

Canaanite city-states along coast→become rich

Abraham

first Hebrew patriarch

God told him to leave his home and travel to Canaan (now Israel)

Passover

main Jewish holiday; celebrates the last of 10 plagues

Mt. Sinai

where God gave Moses the 10 Commandments

Covenant

promise that God made with Abraham

God offered protection and land to Abraham and descendants, if they follow path of God

Philistines

sea people along Israel’s coast

defeat Israel then succumb to Neo-Babylon after being subjugated by Assyria for a long time

Saul

first king after pressure from Philistines

dies in battle with them

David

ruled 1000 BC

great military leader w/ Jerusalem as the capital

musician and poet; troubled family life

Solomon

David’s son

rules during the Golden Age--wealth, long distance trade, literature

autocratic government

Temple of Jerusalem

created under Solomon

Torah

teaching/law -- first 5 books of Hebrew Bible

Prophets

bring message of God to people

interpret constant struggles of Israelite society

Talmud

commentary on the Torah through 5th century AD

Apocrypha

other books that some consider part of the Hebrew Bible

Pseudepigrapha

books written similarly to the Bible, but not part of it by any major group

Ten Commandments

given to Moses on Mt. Sinai; covenant about how to act

Hanukkah

8 day celebration; commemorates rededication of second Temple of Jerusalem

Maccabees

family of Jews that remade (?) the Temple of Jerusalem

Rabbi

Jewish priest

Rosh Hashanah

Jewish New Year

Yom Kippur

1 day of cleansing of all sins

Greek geography

by the Aegan sea, coast line and islands, relatively low rainfall

Arable

hilly/mountainous, Greece didn’t have much

Amphorae

clay jars; show volume of long distance-trade

Indo-Europeans

had one language that become an ancestor of many others

believed that nomadic groups from South Russia invaded and spread their language

Sir Arthur Evans

British archaeologist; excavates ruins of Knossos of Greece

The Minoans

2000-1400

Crete and other islands surrounded the Aegean Sea

Linear A

undeciphered written language of the Minoans, discovered by Evans

Phaistos Disc

(recently deciphered) undeciphered; first printed document in history

Snake goddess

recurring figure in religion; religion was matriarchal

The Mycenaeans

1600-1100

if Trojan War was real, they fought in it

mainland Greece

based off Mycenae (city)

extensive relations/trade with Minoans

conquer→spread culture to Crete

Heinrich Schliemann

excavates Hissarlik in Asia Minor, claims he discovered Troy

Mask of Agamemnon

made of gold, at ruins of Pylos

Phi and Psi figures

votive offerings/eternal worshippers to the Myceneans

Greek Dark Age

1200-750

written language ceased

decline in farmland

less settlements

Aristocracy

rule of the best; rises from dark age

Arete

‘excellence,‘ strived for in Greek society

Olympic Games

festival honoring Zeus at Olympia once every 4 years

original prize: garland from wild olive leaves

Statue of Zeus

at Olympia; one of 7 wonders of the ancient world

Hubris

excessive foolishness/pride, Greeks terrified of

The Greek gods

Olympians: polytheistic with family of gods

Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Ares, Hermes, Dionysus, Hestia

Cella

where the cult image is located at temples

Oracle at Delphi

Apollo

leaders consult before making major decisions

offer cakes (outside) and goats (inside)

Panhellenism

what unites Greece > what divides Greece