Mod 4.1-4.3e

altruism

unselfish regard for welfare of others

bystander-intervention decision process

notices incident, interprets, determines assumption of responsibility, help

bystander effect

tendency for bystanders to be less likely to give aid of other bystanders are present

social-exchange theory

social behavior is an exchange process to maximize benefits and minimize costs

reciprocity norm

expectation that people will help those who have helped them

social-responsibility norm

expectation to help those who need it even if costs outweigh benefits

conflict

perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

social trap

parties each pursue their own self-interest rather than good of group

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views held by conflicting people, each seeing itself as ethical and the other as evil

strategies for peace

contact, cooperation, communication, conciliation

superordinate goals

shared goals only achievable through cooperation

GRIT

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction, designed to decrease international tensions

conciliatory acts

intended to gain goodwill or favor to reduce hostility

attraction

individuals taking interest in and liking another individual

factors of attraction

proximity, physical appearance, similarity

mere exposure effect

repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking them

reward theory of attraction

we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, and will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs

passionate love

aroused state of intense positive absorption in another

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion

physical reactions and thoughts come together to create emotion

compassionate love

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

equity

people receive in the same proportion they give

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

aggression

physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt/destroy

biological influences of aggression

genetics, neural, biochemical

amygdala

crucial for processing fear and aggression

frontal lobes

controls impulses

high testosterone

increased irritability, impulsiveness, assertiveness, etc.

alcohol

disinhibitor (slows brain activity that controls judgments) that unleashes aggressive responses to frustration

psychological/sociocultural influences

aversive events, reinforcement, media

frustration-aggression principle

frustration creates anger, which can create aggression

social script

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

social facilitation

improved performance on simple/well-learned tasks and worsened performance on difficult tasks with an audience

social loafing

tendency for individuals to do less and expect others to do work in a group setting

deindividuation

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

group polarization

enhancement of group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within group

self-fulfilling prophecy

believing something to be true and acting in ways that cause the belief to come true

groupthink

mode of thinking when desire for harmony in group overrides realistic consideration of alternatives

culture

enduring behaviors, ideas, etc. shared by a group of people and passed on through generations

cultural norms

understood rules for proper and expected behavior in a culture

tight culture

clearly defined and reliably imposed norms

loose culture

flexible and informal norms

social norms

society's understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

social contagion

tendency for behaviors, emotions, and ideas to spread through a group

conformity

adjusting behavior/thinking to coincide with group standard

confederates

someone in experiment who is 'in on it'

normative social influences

resulting from a person's desire to gain approval/avoid disapproval

informational social influence

resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

obedience

form of social influence that involves acting on orders of an authority figure

attitudes

feelings from beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way

peripheral route of persuasion

not based on rational arguments, but by appealing to fears, desires, etc

central route of persuasion

based on rational arguments, content, and logic

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

tendency for people who first agree to a small request to be persuaded in complying with larger request later

roles

set of expectations about a social position

cognitive dissonance theory

we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts or actions are inconsistent

social psychology

how we think, influence, and relate to one another

person perception

how we form impressions of ourselves and others

attribution theory

explaining behavior by crediting the situation or the person's disposition

fundamental attribution error

tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition

actor-observer bias

tendency for those in a situation to attribute behavior to external causes, but observers to attribute others' behavior to internal causes

prejudice

unjustifiable and typically negative attitude towards a particular group

components of prejudice

stereotypes, emotions, discrimination

ethnocentrism

assuming superiority of one's ethnic group

overt prejudice

obvious, visible, direct

subtle prejudice

inconspicuous, indirect, often unconscious

microaggressions

verbal, behavior, or environmental slights that communicate negative attitudes towards marginalized groups

roots of prejudice

social, emotional, cognitive

just-world phenomenon

believing the world is just, so people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

in-group bias

tendency to favor our own group

outgroup homogeneity

tendency to perceive members of other groups as similar

scapegoat theory

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

other-race effect

tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than that of other races

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group