integ: abspych (intro to abpsych)

Psychological Disorder

psychological dysfunction within an individual that causes personal distress or disability that is not typical or culturally expected

single characteristic

No what can fully define the concept

Abnormality

this is not universal. It must always be evaluated within the context of culture, society, and environment

psychological disorders

Accdg. To the DSM, these are behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment

Psychological Dysfunction, Personal Distress, Disability, Deviance, Duration

CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTAL DISORDER (5D’s)

Psychological Dysfunction

• Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

• Internal mechanism is unable to perform its usual function

• (ex. Being happy during a car accident)

Personal Distress

Must cause clinically significant distress (requires clinical judgment) (ex. Antisocial Personality Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa)

Disability

• Impairment in some important area of life

• Interference in the normal functioning of the person

Deviance

Reaction is outside cultural norms because it occurs infrequently

Deviates from the average

ex: Wearing a chicken suit to work or wearing underwear outside of clothing, Laughing loudly at a funeral or picking one’s nose in public

Duration

• Symptoms must persist for a clinically significant period to qualify as a disorder

• Helps differentiate temporary stress responses from chronic or clinical disorders

Presenting Problem

• Indicates the problem or reason why the individual is seeking help

• Initial complaint of the client

Clinical Description

Combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder

Prevalence

• Total number of cases in a population

• All cases (new and old)

Point Prevalence

• existing at a given point in time

• It provides a snapshot of how widespread a condition is at a particular moment.

• ex: On March 1, 50 out of 1,000 inmates in a correctional facility have depression.

Period Prevalence

• existing at a given period of time interval

• It includes both existing cases at the start and new cases that develop during the period.

• ex: From January to December, 120 inmates experienced depression at some point in a prison population of 1,000.

Incidence

• Number of new cases that develop in a population during a specific time period

• New cases

Course

Progression and development of the disorder

Chronic Course

• last a long time / a lifetime

• Symptoms may remain continuous or relatively stable over months or years.

• ex: Some individuals with Schizophrenia experience persistent symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions for many years.

Episodic Course

• appear in distinct episodes / flare-ups

• Symptoms appear, disappear, and may return again later.

• ex: In Major Depressive Disorder, a person may experience depressive episodes lasting several weeks or months, followed by periods where they function normally.

Time-limited Course

• has a definitive duration and typically resolves after a certain period

• The disorder appears for a short period and resolves on its own or with treatment, without recurring.

• ex: Acute Stress Disorder often occurs shortly after a traumatic event and typically resolves within about a month.

Onset

Initial appearance of the disorder / how it develops

Acute Onset

begin suddenly

Insidious Onset

develop gradually over an extended period

Prognosis

Anticipated course of a disorder

Prognosis is guarded

low possibility of surviving

Prognosis in good

high possibility of surviving

Developmental Psychopathology

the study of changes in abnormal behavior

Etiology

• study of origins

• Includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions

Scientist-Practitioner Model

mental health professionals that take a scientific approach to their work

Consumer of Science

• use the most recent scientific findings and apply them to their work

• enhancing the practice

Evaluator of Science

evaluate their own assessment and procedures to see whether they work

Creator of Science

conduct research that results to new useful technique and procedures

Eclectic Approach

treatments that do not adhere strictly to one theoretical approach

Scientific Method of Treatment

empirical-based approach in treating a disorder

Integrative Approach

• no single influence ever occurs in isolation

• a psychological disorder is not caused by only one factor. Instead, it develops through the interaction of multiple influences that work together.

PhD

• Clinical & Counseling Psychologists

• Heavy emphasis on research, statistics, neuroscience, and empirically based study of human behavior

• Considered a research degree

• Psychological assessment and testing

• Psychotherapy and counseling

• Diagnosis of mental disorders

• Research and psychological interventions

PsyD

• Clinical & Counseling Doctors of Psychology

• Similar to a PhD but has less emphasis on research

• Mainly focused on clinical training

• Same clinical roles as psychologists but with doctoral-level training

• Advanced psychotherapy

• Psychological testing and diagnosis

• May supervise other mental health professionals

RPsy

• Registered Psychologists

• Provide counseling/therapy, and work in any area of psychology within their scope of practice

• Psychological assessment and diagnosis

• Psychotherapy and counseling

• Research and psychological interventions

• Mental health program development

RPm

• Registered Psychometricians

• administering and scoring psychological tests

• Psychological reports are often prepared based on the results

• Other tasks include conducting intake interviews

• Administer and score psychological tests

• Assist psychologists in assessment

• Data gathering for psychological evaluation

MD

• Psychiatrists

• Function as physicians via prescription of psychoactive medications

• Diagnose mental disorders

• Prescribe medications

• Provide medical treatments (e.g., medication management)

• Sometimes provide psychotherapy

MSW

• Psychiatric & Non-psychiatric Social Workers

• Focus of training is on psychotherapy

• Typically requires 2 years of graduate study

• Do not receive training in psychological assessment

• Connect clients with resources (housing, financial aid, community programs).

• Advocate for patients’ rights and social support.

MN/MSN

• Receive training at the bachelor’s or master’s level

• Has prescription privileges

• Nursing degree with specialization or training in mental health.

• Provide nursing care for patients with mental disorders

• Monitor symptoms and patient behavior

• Administer medications prescribed by psychiatrists

• Assist in treatment planning and patient support

Psychiatric Social Workers

Provide counseling and support to people with mental disorders, coordinate treatment services.

Non-psychiatric Social Workers

Work on social welfare, family support, community services, rehabilitation.

LGBTQ+ youth bullied in school

more likely to develop depressive symptoms or suicidal ideation but hesitate to seek help due to stigma and fear of outing themselves

Teens from low-income areas who act aggressive or skip school

may be seen as delinquent, but they’re often dealing with trauma or anxiety from abuse or hunger at home

Children from abusive homes

more likely to develop PTSD or attachment disorders

Religion

can be a source of both support and conflict

Beliefs

might shape how individuals interpret their symptoms (ex., possession vs. dissociation)

Academic pressure or workplace stress

can be significant contributors to anxiety and burnout

academic and work performance

In most countries, these are heavily emphasized, often at the cost of their overall wellbeing

Men | women

who may suppress emotional distress; who may be over-pathologized

Excessive exposure to idealized bodies

can lead to  low self-esteem and body dysmorphia

War, displacement, colonialism, or dictatorship

can impact collective and individual psychology

Trauma from historical injustices

may manifest in intergenerational patterns

Stigma and access to mental health care

vary by legal and institutional support

Cultural Relativism

understand that what is considered abnormal in one culture may be normal in another

Intersectionality

gender, race, socioeconomic status, and disability all influence how behavior is perceived and labeled

Systems Perspective

behavior must be assessed in relation to systemic factors like trauma, oppression, or community dynamics

Function Over Form

understand the purpose behind behavior, not just appearance

Culture-Bound Syndrome

• comprise of a wide range of disorders that occur within local or ethnic groups

• Usually occurs in the absence of any primary biological factors

Culture-Bound Syndrome

• These disorders may or may not correspond to certain diagnostic categories in the DSM or ICD

• This shows that society and culture affect the way that mental illness manifests in a psychologically vulnerable individual

Amok

• Violent, disorderly, or homicidal rage accompanied by amnesia, and after which the individual may commit suicide

• Acute and transient psychotic disorder (symptoms appear suddenly, often with little warning)

Amok

• Also called bouffée délirante (delirious outburst)

• Originates in France, and observed in various regions, including the Caribbean and Francophone Africa

• Resemble the berserker, mal de pelea, colerina, ataque de nervios, and iich’aa

Bangungot

• Also known as sudden unexplained nocturnal   death syndrome (SUNDS) or oriental nightmare death syndrome

• Causes  the individual to repeatedly groan and moan during a nightmare

• May lead to death at its climax; cause of death remains unknown

• Originated in Southeast Asia

Brain Fag Syndrome

• Combination of cognitive symptoms (reduced concentration and poor memory) with somatic symptoms (blurred vision, head/neck pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance)

• Attributed to excessive pressure in academic performance

• Can be observed among West African students

Dhat

• Severe anxiety and hypochondria related to loss of semen through urine, nocturnal emission or masturbation

• Usually associated with somatic and emotional symptoms, such as fatigue, sexual dysfunction, anxiety and dysphoria 

• Commonly observed among Indian men

Ghost Sickness

• Preoccupation with death and the diseased

• Protracted or pathological grief or depression 

• Commonly observed among Native Americans

Hwabyung

• Individuals internalize their anger and manifest psychosomatic symptoms (epigastric pain, muscular aches and pains, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, palpitations, breathlessness), dysphoria, anxiety and panic

• Originates in Korea

Shenjing Shuairuo

• Translated as nervous system weakness or neurasthenia

• Diagnosis of a range of mental health disorders including physical and mental fatigue, headaches, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, sleep disturbances, and memory loss

• Other symptoms include gastrointestinal problems, sexual dysfunction, irritability, and autonomic nervous system disturbances 

• Originates in China and is recognized in the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD)

Uppgivenhetssyndrom

• Translates to resignation syndrome

• Coma-like symptoms and refuse to move, talk, or eat

• Affects refugee children from former Soviet or Yugoslav states who now live in Sweden

Koro

• Anxiety that one's own genitalia is shrinking, resulting in possible death

• Can be observed in Asia, mainly China

Saora

• Memory loss, fainting, inappropriate crying or laughing

• Occur in response to social pressure to lead a certain way of life

• Attributed to supernatural beings who want to marry the afflicted persons (young men and women)

• Originates in Southeastern India (Saora Tribe)

Maladi Moun

• Belief that illness or misfortune is caused by someone else's ill intent, envy, or hatred, often through spiritual means 

• Similar to the concept of evil eye

• Translated as  humanly caused illness 

• Originates in Haiti

Clinical Lycanthropy

• Delusions of transforming into an animal

• Present in various cultures

Piblokto

• Characterized by an abrupt dissociative episode with distinct phases

• Also called arctic hysteria

• Originates in the Arctic regions

Prodrome

in piblokto, this is associated with social withdrawal

Excitement

in piblokto, this is associated with wild behaviors, stripping clothes

Recovery

in piblokto, this is associated with amnesia

Kufungisisa

• Disorder of Distress / thinking too much

• Associated with various symptoms, including headaches, dizziness, and even more severe cases involving intrusive or obsessive thoughts

• Originates in Zimbabwe

Latah

• Exaggerated startle response experiencing trance-like dissociation

• Also exhibits echolalia and echopraxia

• Other names include Imu, Mali-Mali, Jumping Frenchmen Of Maine

• Can be observed in Southeast Asia and Japan

Jikoshu-Kyofu

• Olfactory reference syndrome (DSM-5)

• Translates to fear of self-odor

• Preoccupation with a false belief that one emits a foul or offensive body odor

Khyâl Cap

• Translates to Wind Attacks

• Panic attacks due to wind-like substance rising up in the body

• Originates in Cambodia

Susto

• Fright Disorder

• Also known as fright or soul loss

• Soul leaving the body in response to frightening experience

• Originates in Latin America

Ataque de Nervios

• Translates to attack of nerves

• Anxiety-related

• Panic Attack with manifestations of shouting uncontrollably and bursting into tears

• Often a response to stressful events or family difficulties

• Observed among Hispanic Americans

Kyol Goeu

• Translates to Wind overload

• Panic attack

• Too much wind or gas in the body, which may cause blood vessels to burst

• Characterized by orthostatically triggered syncope or fainting episodes, particularly prevalent among Khmer refugees in the US

Pa-Leng

• Characterized by a pathological fear of cold (frigophobia) and wind (anemophobia)

• Believed to cause fatigue, impotence, and even death

• Chinese and Southeast Asian culture-bound syndrome

Zou huo hu mo

• Chinese idiom that describes a state of being obsessed or possessed

• Undesirable somatic or psychological symptoms (Dissociation and paranoia) experienced during or after qigong

• Translates to walking fire enters demonic

Taijin Kyofusho

• Disorder of Fear / Fear of offending others

• Anxiety of extreme self-consciousness regarding appearance to avoid offending others

• Originates in Japan

Ufufunyane

• Attributed to the effects of magical potions (given by rejected lovers), demons, or spiritual possession

• Symptoms include sobbing, paralysis, temporary blindness, trance-like states, loss of consciousness and nightmares with sexual themes

• Prevalent in Zulu- and Xhosa-speaking communities in Southern Africa

Amafufunyana

• Used by Xhosa traditional healers to explain certain aberrant behaviors and psychological phenomena, often associated with symptoms of schizophrenia

• Involves a person’s stomach speaking a language that the person doesn’t understand

• Stomach may also deliver threats and dish out orders to the victim

• Other symptoms include fatigue, nightmares, sleep difficulties, and agitation

• Observed in Zulus and the Xhosas of South Africa

Hikikomori

• A condition where individuals, typically adolescents or young adults, withdraw from social life and confine themselves to their homes for extended periods

• Often last for six months or longer

• Extreme social isolation

• Originates in Japan

Wendigo Psychosis

• Insatiable craving for human flesh, even when other food is available

• Individuals develop an obsession with becoming a wendigo

• This obsession may range from a fear to a delusional belief, and can be associated with suicidal and homicidal thoughts

• Mainly found among Northern Algonquian people

Zār

• A culturally bound syndrome or a spiritual possession practice prevalent in Northern and Eastern Africa, and the Middle East

• Individuals are believed to be possessed by spirits, often leading to dissociative episodes or altered states of consciousness

• Some develop long term relationship with the possessor

Uncontrollable situations

regarded as supernatural

Chinese, Egyptians, Babylonians, and Greeks

believed that evil beings have the ability to control  people

Insanity

considered as a curable and natural phenomenon caused by mental / emotional stress

Despair and lethargy

identified with the sin of arcadia / sloth

Nicholas Oresme

a chief advisor in the 14th century, suggested that depression (disease of melancholy) was the source of some abnormal behaviors

Christian monasteries

replaced physicians as healers and authorities of mental health