Glucose Metabolism and Hormonal Regulation

These flashcards cover key concepts related to glucose metabolism, including the processes of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, as well as the roles of hormones in regulating glucose levels.

Facilitated diffusion

A process by which glucose enters the cell through a transport protein without the use of energy.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugar:

C₆H₁₂O₆ and CH₂O General formula

Example glucose, fructose, galactose

Main energy source

4. Are carbohydrates considered essential nutrients?

No, because they can be synthesized from other molecules

what form are most carbohydrates consumed in the diet?

C. Polysaccharides

Polysaccharide

Chain or branched form of many monosaccharides linked together

Examples: starch, and glycogen ( stored in muscle and liver)

Trans fat

Contain double bonds that have been partially hydrogenated. This synthetic fats created to increase the shelf life of fats

Protein function

• Consist of basic units called amino acids.

• Linked together by peptide bonds to make proteins

• Enzymes

• Structural proteins

• Muscle contraction

• Transport of oxygen and fats

• Role in immune system ,hormones, protein buffers

• Contain the element Nitrogen

Unsaturated fat

May be monosaturated or polysaturated . The double bonds create kinks in the fat , therefore not pack as tightly and tend to be softer at room temperature.

Contain carbon- carbon double bond

Oxidation

Loose hydrogen and ( energy )electrons- removed

Fats

Important in energy storage, insulation ( neuron) , hormones, and structure ( cell membrane)

1 gram of fat yields 9 kcal energy

Fatty acids are transported from the intestine primarily by lacteals

Glycogenesis

The metabolic process of storing glucose in the liver as glycogen

Store glucose decrease blood glucose

Reaction used is called dehydration synthesis

Reaction

Glucose ➡glycogen +water

Anabolic reaction

Water is product because its release when building

Chemiosmosis

Movement of H⁺ back into the matrix through ATP synthase

Gluconeogenesis

Glucose can be made from non carbohydrate sources

• Make glucose ⬆glc

• Amino acids and glycerol form glucose

• ⬆blood glucose

Reversible process

Cannot make glucose starting from a fatty acid

Glycolysis

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.

2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

Occurs in cytoplasm

B. Breaks a 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon molecules

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Glucose is oxidized during glycolysis ( removed)

Used glucose decreases blood glucose

Beta oxidation

Fatty acids are primarily broken down

Formation Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH₂

Glycogenolysis

The metabolic process of breaking down glycogen to release glucose from the liver into the bloodstream

Reaction

Glycogen + water ➡glucose

Water is reactant because USED not made

Hydrolysis reaction

Release glucose increases blood glucose

Ketone bodies

Excess acetyl-CoA produced during fat breakdown is converted into

Ketone bodies are produced primarily when:Fat is used for energy due to low glucose availability

Are acidic

Radiation

Loss of heat to the environment WITHOUT contact

Ex: heat radiating from the skin into the air

Convection

Heat loss by moving air or water.

Ex fan or cooling air

Conduction

Heat loss to DIRECT CONTACT

Ex: sitting on a cold surface

Ketoacidosis

A dangerous condition caused by excessive ketone accumulation is

Common conditions that can lead to ketoacidosis

Starvation or diabetes mellitus

Deamination involves

the removal of amino group

urea

The liver converts excess ammonia into urea

Is a waste product your body makes when it breaks down proteins

Chylomicrons

Chylomicrons primarily transport

Are lipoproteins particles that transport. Dietary fats( triglycerides + cholesterol + fat soluble vitamins (A D E K)from intestines to body cells

Made in small intestines ➡lymphatic system ➡bloodstream

Chylomicrons enter circulation through the Lymphatic system

Metabolic processes that are occurring in the absorptive state

• Glycogenesis (formation of glycogen)

• Lipogenesis (formation of fats)

• Protein synthesis

Basal Metabolic Rate

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) measures

B. Oxygen consumption at rest

LDL ( low density lipoprotein)

Transporting / delivers cholesterol to tissues

HDL( high density lipoprotein)

Carries cholesterol from tissues back to the liver for removal ( Return cholesterol to the liver)