ap euro unit one

renaissance

“rebirth”

began in italy

drastic cultural and political shift

revival of antiquity

increased interest in ancient greek and roman texts

where does the renaissance begin

italy

petrarch

father of humanism

humanism

humans have endless potential and they shld do a million things

cicero

latin writer that was a role model for other renaissance thinkers

philology

study of the history and development of languages

lorenzo valla

* studied the development of the latin language
* found disparities in RCC docs 👀

mirandola: oration on the dignity of man

humans have endless potential

secularism

keep ✝️ separate from state

individualism

values individuals over community (US vs india)

civic humanism

educated ppl shld contribute to politics

castiglione: the courtier

how to b a gentleman

bruni

educated ppl r obligated to better the state

machiavelli: the prince

* ruler must maintain pwr at all costs
* humans r selfish
* b brutal or b kind
* “ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS”

where does the renaissance spread

northern europe

how is the northern renaissance diff from italian?

* northies stayed more ✝️
* art centralized objects and ppl

christian humanism

valued greek and roman classics BUT ==also looked at ✝️ lit==

y did the northies seek out ✝️ reforms

they cld read- realized ✝️ text was a lot more simple than controlling RCC made it out to b

erasmus

father of christian humanism

* called out RCC corruption

philosophy of christ

individual spirituality, faith in christ

naturalism

portrayed wrld as it was, nature

geometric perspective

lines move in, create depth

how was renaissance art diff from that of middle ages?

less religious, hit other topics

guttenberg

invented the ==printing press==

guytenberg bible

first book guttenberg printed

what allowed for mass production of literature?

* paper from china
* printing press (moveable type)

impacts of printing press

literacy rates 📈📈📈

vernacular literature

writing in national languages

new monarchs

took power away from church and nobles (all power to them)

henry viii

* opposed protestant doctrine
* “defender of the faith”
* catherine of aragon/ ann bo lynn drama

head of church of england

henry viii

treason act

crime to not recognize church of england as official church (cld remain catholic on the down low)

mary tudor

tried to bring back catholicism after henry viii

elizabeth i

steered england back to angicanism

act of uniformity

elizabeth i law that required all english citizens to go to anglican service one time a week (or pay fine)

bureaucracy

ppl wmoywd to carry out law (tax collectors)

concordat of bologna

pope has the right to collect income from french catholic church, france can appoint church officials

peace of augsburg

individual rulers of HRE cld decide whether catholic or lutheran

secular states

state has little to no political influence

machiavelli (republicanism)

gov structure where elected reps make the laws

jean bodin

* monarch holds absolute power
* divine right

motives for european expansion

3 Gs (gold, god, glory)

mercantilism

* fixed amnt of “wealth” (gold and silver)
* u want the biggest piece of the pie (cuz there’s only so much pie)

favorable balance of trade

more exports than imports → more $$$

colonies =

* more gold
* raw materials

jean baptiste colbert

create industry policies to supply french ppl w everything they need (minimize imports)

tariffs

tax on imported goods (colbert raised these)

why was the price of luxury goods so high?

europeans wanted asian goods, but ottomans controlled land routes

* needed to find sea route

reconquista

drove our jews and muslims from spain

jesuit

catholic missionaries sent overseas

bart de las casas

worked to make imperialism less harsh on indigenous

maritime empires

sea based empires

prince henry the navigator

portuguese ships were able to make their way around the african coast

vasco de gama

made it to indian ocean, portuguese now in spice trade

trading post empire

didn’t conquer large chunks of land and people, just trading posts

christopher columbus

commissioned by spain to go to india, ends up in caribbean

how did spain colonics sm land?

1) disease: wiped out much of of indigenous pop

2) new tech

samuel de champlain

founded quebec

france interests in north america

* trade- formed alliances with indigenous groups

english interests in north america

creating settler colonies

treaty of tordesillas

spain gets east, portugal gets west

colombian exchange

global transfer of stuff between new world and old world

* result of european imperialism

what was transferred in the colombian exchange

* diseases
* food
* minerals
* enslaved ppl

colombian exchange and food

more food = healthier ppl = longer lifespans = specialization

minerals

gold and silver

antwerp

trading port in the netherlands

* thrived cuz of its location

casta system

spanish system that divided american pops by race and birth

how did power shift during the age of exploration?

from mediterranean (italy area) to atlantic (iberia, gb)

encomienda

coerced labor (spanish forced natives)

plantation econ

imperialists realized they could make $$$ off of crops from warm areas

cash crops

plantation only focuses on one of two crops (often sugar or coffee)

middle passage

slave trade boat route across the atlantic

commercial revolution

$$$ became more desired than land in europe

bank of amsterdam

signified that europe was undergoing a massive shift

money economy

goods and services payed for with $$$ (no more bartering)

double entry bookkeeping

new way banks kept track of everyone’s $$$

dutch east india company

created by investors to watch over their overseas ventures

joint-stock company

private company where investors bought shares

price revolution

prices rose cuz inflation from influx of mineral wealth

* hit spain hard, but quickly spread thru the rest of europe

feudalism

pre 1500s, european agricultural system

* king granted land to nobles
* nobles got peasants to work

manor

agricultural estate during feudal times

subsistence farming

growing to eat, not for profit

enclosure mvmnt

anyone can buy land

* rlly bad for peasants cuz now all these rich ppl r coming to power

capitalism

means of production in hands of individuals instead of state

effects of commercialization

* peasants suffer
* urban migration
* change in family dynamics

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