Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (Ch 19)

Cytogenetic analysis

Chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA

Immunohistochemistry

Localization of antigens or proteins and tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies

Protein marker tests

Measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells

Bone marrow biopsy

Aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells

Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation

Bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient

Core needle biopsy

Insertion of a large-bore needle into tissue to remove a core of cells for microscopic examination

Exfoliative cytology

Cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope

Fiberoptic colonoscopy

Visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument

Laparoscopy

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope

Mammography

X-ray examination of the breast to detect breast cancer

PET-CT scan

Diagnostic procedure, combining CT (commuted tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography)

Radionuclide scans

Radioactive substances (radionuclides) are injected intravenously, and scans (images) of organs are obtained