Life and Physical Sciences

_______ is cell division in eukaryotes that produces two daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell

mitosis

_______ is specialized cell division used to create haploid gametes in diploid organsims

meiosis

what is the biological hierarchy of the body? (most to least complex)

organism, organ system, organs, tissues, cells, chemicals

_______ are large chemicals that are important to living things and include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

macromolecules

_______ are sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose

carbohydrates

_______ are molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

proteins

_______ are long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA

nucleic acids

what is the fundamental unit of life?

the cell

what are the 4 basic types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular

what are the three basic parts of a cell?

nucleus, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm

where are organelles found in the cell?

cytoplasm

the _______ is a large organelle within a cell that houses the chromosomes and regulates the activities of the cell

nucleus

the _______ is a membrane that surrounds the cell and maintains its internal environment through the property of selective permeability

plasma membrane

the _______ is the material within a eukaryotic cell that supports and suspends structures inside the cell membrane and transfers materials required for cellular processes

cytoplasm

a(n) _______ is a specialized part of a cell that has a specific function and is found in the cell’s cytoplasm

organelle

the _______ is an organelle that is the site of energy production in a cell

mitochondrion

what three organelles work together to build proteins?

ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and the golgi apparatus

the _______ is a cell organelle that synthesizes and concentrates lipids in the cell; it does not contain ribosomes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

the _______ is a cell organelle that processes proteins and lipid molecules

golgi apparatus

what organelle maintains the cells’ environment through the process of selective permeability?

cell (plasma) membrane

what organelle supports and suspends structures inside the cell membrane and transfers materials required for cellular processes?

cytoplasm

what organelle processes proteins and lipid molecules?

golgi apparatus

what organelle aids in digestion and recycling of old cell materials and may help destroy invading viruses and bacteria?

lysosome

what organelle generates chemical energy in the form of ATP molecules?

mitochondrion

what organelle synthesizes proteins?

ribosomes

what organelle contains ribosomes and synthesizes and processes proteins in the cell?

rough endoplasm reticulum

what organelle does not contain ribosomes and synthesizes and concentrates lipids in the cell; also inactivates toxins and harmful metabolic products?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

what organelle serves as storage for a variety of elements, such as water, toxins, and carbohydrates?

vacuole

a(n) _______ is an arrangement of two or more atoms bonded together

molecule

a(n) _______ is a cell organelle that aids in digestion and the recycling of old cell materials

lysosome

a(n) _______ is a protein-RNA complex that is the site of protein synthesis

ribosome

what are the 5 stages of mitosis?

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

in what stage of mitosis does DNA replicate?

interphase

in what stage of mitosis do chromosomes condense and visible chromosomes appear?

prophase

in what stage of mitosis do chromosomes line up?

metaphase

in what stage of mitosis are chromosomes pulled apart to the poles and cell division begins

anaphase

in what stage of mitosis do two nuclei form and daughter cells go on to separate in cytokinesis

telophase

the _______ is a structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA that contains genetic information

chromosome

a(n) _______ is one of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle

chromatid

which of the following describes the function of the ribosome?

a) protein synthesis

b) energy production

c) cell movement

d) storage of molecules

a) protein synthesis

because muscle cells require large amounts of energy to function correctly, which organelles would be abundant in those types of cells?

a) ribosomes

b) mitochondria

c) cytoskeleton

d) cell membrane

b) mitochondria

which of the following organelles houses the genetic material?

a) nucleus

b) ribosomes

c) cell membrane

d) lysosomes

a) nucleus

the hereditary material of most organisms is contained in _______

DNA molecules

_______ is responsible for directing protein synthesis in living organisms

DNA

_______ controls the intermediate steps involved in protein synthesis

RNA

_______ are segments of DNA which can code for specific proteins; a sequence of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity

genes

where are genes located?

chromosomes

_______ organisms have a single circular chromosome, whereas _______ organisms have many linear chromosomes

prokaryote; eukaryote

how many chromosomes do humans have?

46

_______ genes are converted into a short-lived RNA message (mRNA) that is decoded by the ribosomes and assembled into proteins that build structures in living things

structural

_______ genes control the expression of protein-coding genes by turning on or off activity

_______ is a tough protein made by epithelial keratinocytes

keratin

what is DNA made of?

a nucleotide base, a phosphate group, and deoxyribose sugar

what are the four nucleotide bases in DNA?

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

a(n) _______ is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

codon

the two strands of DNA are _______, meaning the nucleotide bases of the two strands are paired correctly and specifically

complementary

what are the complementary base pairs?

A-T and G-C

complementary bases are linked by _______ between A and T and _______ between G and C

2 hydrogen bonds; 3 hydrogen bonds

_______ is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

transcription

information is coded in DNA in the _______ direction, and this strand is called the “sense strand”

5’ to 3’

the other strand going in the 3’ to 5’ direction is called the _______ strand

anti-sense

a(n) _______ is a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that may arise during replication

mutation

the main role of _______ is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

what 3 types of RNA does protein synthesis require?

messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA

what are the two stages of protein synthesis?

transcription and translation

_______ is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

transcription

_______ is protein synthesis that takes place after mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome

translation

the _______ is a sequence of bases on a strand of DNA that is used to form a complementary mRNA molecule

template strand

what type of RNA attaches to the mRNA strand and begins to “transcribe” the instructions?

rRNA

a(n) _______ is the link between amino acids in a protein

peptide bond

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23

the _______ is the complete set of genetic information in a cell

genome

which of the following nucleotides pairs with adenine in DNA?

a) guanine

b) adenine

c) cytosine

d) thymine

d) thymine

which of the following is the number of chromosomes found in a human cell?

a) 1 circular chromosome

b) 22 (11 pairs)

c) 46 (23 pairs)

d) 50 (25 pairs)

c) 46 (23 pairs)

which of the following statements about nucleotides and genes is correct?

a) a gene contains thousands of chromosomes

b) a nucleotide contains many genes and chromosomes

c) nucleotides form strings of DNA that make up genes

d) nucleotides form strings of chromosomes that make up DNA

c) nucleotides form strings of DNA that make up genes

which of the following is the name for a segment of DNA that codes for a protein?

a) nucleotide

b) gene

c) chromosome

d) DNA

b) gene

_______ refers to the principles regarding how traits are passed onto offspring

inheritance

_______ is the inheritance of traits that follow Gregor Mendel’s two laws and the principle of dominance

mendelian inheritance

each gene for a trait comes in varieties, called _______

alleles

_______ refers to the most powerful trait or the allele for that trait

dominant

_______ refers to traits that are masked if dominant alleles are also present; also refers to the allele for that trait

recessive

the _______ is the genetic makeup of an idividual

genotype

_______ is the state of carrying a pair of identical alleles; ex. AA or aa

homozygous

_______ is the state of carrying different alleles of a gene; ex. Aa

heterozygous

the _______ is the physical appearance of a trait formed by genetics and environment

phenotype

a(n) _______ is a cross between parents heterozygous at two specific genes

dihybrid cross

_______ occurs when there are factors other than dominant and recessive alleles at play; ex. blood types, incomplete dominant-recessive relationships, co-dominance, epistasis, and when the gene is carried on one of the sex chromosomes

non-mendelian inheritance

a pea plant has a dominant homozygous genotype. which of the following letters best represent this genotype?

a) WW

b) Ww

c) ww

d) WX

a) WW

pea plants have seeds that are either green or yellow. green seeds are dominant to yellow seeds. two pea plants that are heterozygous for seed color are crossed. what percentage of their offspring will have green seeds?

75%

which of the following best describes the expression of alleles?

a) heritable trait

b) genotype

c) phenotype

d) P generatio

c) phenotype

which of the following best describes non-mendelian inheritance patterns?

a) they occur when there are factors other than dominant and recessive traits

b) each trait has one dominant and one recessive allele

c) heterozygous monohybrid crosses result in a 3:1 ratio of dominant-to-recessive phenotypes

d) traits are only inherited on the somatic chromosomes

a) they occur when there are factors other than dominant and recessive traits

_______ are molecules that can bond to similar or identical molecules to form a polymer

monomers

_______ are pure substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances

elements

a(n) _______ is a chemical compound formed when covalent bonds link monomers in long, repeating chains

polymer

a(n) _______ is a chemical reaction between two molecules in which a water molecules is released and a covalent bond forms; often requires input of energy; polymers are built as a result of this reaction

dehydration reaction

a(n) _______ is a chemical reaction in which a water molecule cleaves a covalent bond to form two products; monomeric subunits of polymers are cleaved from a polymer by this reaction

hydrolysis reaction

what are the 4 groups that macromolecules are classified into?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

_______ are carbohydrate molecules formed by large numbers of linked monosaccharides

polysaccharides

_______ is a sugar compound that serves as the backbone for triglycerides and phospholipids

glycerol

_______ means water fearing

hydrophobic