MOCKS history deck (missing baroque idk if i should revise it)

When did Hitler withdraw Germany from the League of Nations?

October 1933

When was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement signed, and between whom?

June 1935 — between Britain and Germany. Allowed Germany a navy up to 35% of British strength, violating Versailles without consulting France.

When did Hitler remilitarise the Rhineland?

March 1936 — violated both Versailles and the Locarno Treaty. Britain and France did nothing.

When was the Anti-Comintern Pact signed, and between whom?

November 1936 — Germany and Japan (initially). Italy joined in November 1937.

When was the Anschluss?

March 1938 — Germany annexed Austria. No military resistance, Western powers issued no meaningful response.

When was the Munich Agreement, and who signed it?

September 1938 — Britain , France, Germany , Italy. Czechoslovakia was not consulted.

When did Hitler occupy the rest of Czechoslovakia after Munich?

March 1939 — proved appeasement had failed.

When was the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact signed, and between whom?

August 1939 — Germany and the USSR (Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact). Secret protocol divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence.

When did Germany invade Poland, triggering WWII?

1 September 1939

When did Italy sign the Stresa Front, and who were the parties?

April 1935 — Italy, Britain, and France. Agreed to oppose German treaty violations, especially regarding Austria.

When did Italy invade Abyssinia?

October 1935

When did Italy formally annex Abyssinia?

May 1936

When did the Rome-Berlin Axis form?

October 1936 — informal agreement between Mussolini and Hitler following shared intervention in the Spanish Civil War and Italy's diplomatic isolation after Abyssinia.

When did Italy leave the League of Nations?

December 1937

When was the Pact of Steel signed, and between whom?

May 1939 — Italy and Germany. A full military alliance committing each to support the other if either went to war.

When did Italy invade Albania?

April 1939

When did the Wal Wal Incident occur?

December 1934 — border clash between Italian and Abyssinian troops; Mussolini used it as a pretext for invasion.

When was the Battle of Adowa, and why does it matter?

1896 — Italy was defeated by Abyssinia. Created lasting humiliation and fuelled the 1935 desire for revenge and empire.

When did the Spanish Civil War begin and end?

July 1936 – April 1939

Approximately how many people died in the Spanish Civil War?

~500,000 deaths

How many troops did Italy send to Spain?

~70,000 troops — plus aircraft and tanks. Far larger than Germany's contribution in manpower.

What was Germany's military contribution to the Spanish Civil War?

The Condor Legion — aircraft and trained pilots used to test Blitzkrieg tactics.

When was the bombing of Guernica?

April 1937 — carried out by Germany's Condor Legion; a Basque civilian town. Became a symbol of fascist brutality.

When did Franco's Nationalists win the Spanish Civil War?

April 1939

What was the Hoare-Laval Pact and between whom?

December 1935 — secret deal between British Foreign Secretary Hoare and French PM Laval. Proposed giving Mussolini two-thirds of Abyssinia in exchange for peace. Leaked to the press; both men resigned in scandal.

What was the Peace Ballot and what did it show?

1935 British public poll — 11.6 million people voted in favour of collective security and disarmament. Showed the strength of pacifist sentiment that constrained government policy.

What was the Non-Intervention Committee and why did it fail?

Set up by Britain and France in 1936 to prevent foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War. Germany, Italy, and the USSR all signed then openly violated it. Britain and France ignored violations — showed collective security was dead.

What was the Locarno Treaty and why does it matter?

1925 — agreement between Germany, France, Belgium, Britain, and Italy guaranteeing the western borders set at Versailles. Germany violated it by remilitarising the Rhineland in 1936.

How many times did Chamberlain fly to Germany during the Sudetenland crisis?

Three times — culminating in the Munich Agreement, September 1938.

Put these Italian events in order: Pact of Steel / Abyssinia invasion / Rome-Berlin Axis / Albania invasion / Stresa Front

Apr 1935: Stresa Front → Oct 1935: Abyssinia invasion → Oct 1936: Rome-Berlin Axis → Nov 1937: Anti-Comintern joined → Apr 1939: Albania invasion → May 1939: Pact of Steel

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

June 1919 — the peace settlement that ended WWI. Imposed war guilt, reparations, and military restrictions on Germany. Hitler's foreign policy was largely built around dismantling it.

When did Hitler become Chancellor of Germany?

January 1933

When did Japan invade Manchuria?

September 1931 — League of Nations condemned it but took no action. Established that the League would not enforce collective security against a major power.

When did Germany reintroduce conscription?

March 1935 — directly violated Versailles. Britain and France protested but took no action; the Anglo-German Naval Agreement followed three months later.

What was the Four Year Plan and when was it launched?

1936 — Hitler's economic programme to make Germany war-ready within four years. Göring oversaw it; prioritised rearmament and autarky over consumer goods.

When did the League impose sanctions on Italy over Abyssinia?

November 1935

When were League sanctions on Italy lifted, and why does it matter?

July 1936 — lifted after Italy had already completed the annexation. Showed sanctions were too little, too late, and that the League had no real enforcement power.

What was the population of the Sudetenland and why does it matter?

3 million ethnic Germans — Hitler's stated justification for demanding it at Munich. Chamberlain accepted the argument that self-determination made the claim legitimate.

What were Hitler's orders to Rhineland troops if France resisted (1936)?

To retreat immediately — Hitler later admitted the 48 hours after the remilitarisation were the most nerve-wracking of his life. France's inaction was a critical missed opportunity.

What was German military spending as a percentage of GNP in 1933 vs 1938?

1933: ~1% of GNP → 1938: ~17% of GNP. One of the sharpest rearmament escalations in modern history, directly enabled by deficit spending and the Four Year Plan.

What was Germany's rearmament budget in 1933 vs 1938 in Reichsmarks?

1933: 1.9 billion Reichsmarks → 1938: 17.2 billion Reichsmarks — a roughly ninefold increase in five years.

What was German unemployment in 1933 vs 1938?

1933 6 million unemployed (30% of workforce) → 1938: ~300,000. Rearmament and public works largely drove this reduction, giving Hitler enormous domestic legitimacy.

What was the size of the German army in 1933 vs 1939?

1933: 100,000 (Versailles limit) → 1939: ~1.4 million. Conscription reintroduced March 1935 was the turning point.

How many aircraft did Germany have in 1935 vs 1939?

1935: ~1,800 (secretly built) → 1939: ~4,000. The Luftwaffe was formally announced in 1935, again violating Versailles with no meaningful Western response.

What did Italy spend on the Abyssinian campaign?

~40 billion lire — a figure that severely strained Italy's economy and increased dependence on Germany, partly explaining the drift toward the Rome-Berlin Axis.

What percentage of Italian national income was spent on military by 1939?

~30% — higher than Britain or France at the same point, reflecting Mussolini's prioritisation of imperial expansion over economic stability.

What was the cost of Italian intervention in the Spanish Civil War?

~10 billion lire — combined with Abyssinia costs, left Italy economically exhausted and less capable of independent foreign policy by 1939.

What was British military spending as a percentage of GDP in 1933 vs 1938?

1933: 3% 1938: 8%. Britain did rearm after 1936 but far more slowly than Germany — used by historians like Overy to partially rehabilitate appeasement as buying time for rearmament.

How many men did Britain have under arms in 1938 compared to Germany?

Britain: 400,000 Germany: over 1 million. The military imbalance is central to understanding why Chamberlain felt he had no choice but to negotiate at Munich.

When was the World Disarmament Conference?

1933

What happened in the World Disarmament Conference?

Hitler withdraws 1933 after France’s insitance on maintaining TOV for next 4 years

When was Hitler’s first attempt at Anchluss with Austria

1934, however backed down after Mussolini sent 40000 troops to the border

When was Hitler’s second attempt at Anchluss with Austria?

March 1938

When did France and Czechoslovakia sign a defence treaty?

1924

when did Hitler publish mein kampf

1926

how many ethnic germans were living in west Poland ?

1 million

What argument did Hitler use for both the Suedetenland and Cezchoslovakia?

Self determination, ethnic germans were living under supression

When did Mussolini come to power?

1922 as the leader of Italy 1925 as Il Duce

what is the counter argument for questions about ideology?

opportunism

When did Stalin replace Litinov with Molotov to pursue an alliance with Germany instead of Britain and France?

may 1939

when did churchill become prime minister?

10 may 1940

What was hella funny about the remiltarisation of the Rhineland

Hitler had ordered his troops to withdraw knowing his army was too weak to reach victory

What did the remilitarisation of the Rhineland allow Hitler to build?

The seigfreid line, making it harder for France to help its allies

how did british public feel about the war?

1935 peace ballot showed strong support for collective security with 11 million voters

What is an absolutist monarch?

a sovreign ruler holding supreme, unquestioned authority claiming it is bestowed upon them by god

What does Henshaw explore?

the claim that absolutism as a concept is largely a myth and monarchs never truely held unlimited power in practice

what points are argued within this essay?

religious reforms, political reforms and practical opposition

who had a larger extent of power through religious reforms

peter through his deliberate reconstruction of the orthodox church

How did Peter’s abolishment of the patriarchate serve as evidence of the extent of his absolutist rule?

Previously, the orthodox church had proven it could rival Tsarist authority, not just through role in shaping domestic policy but also influence of patriarchs such as Patriarch Nikon 1652-1666

When did peter establish the holy synod?

1721

Did peter get any opositon to his religious reforms?

met with resentment from clergymen but no formal opposition

what does historian Paul Buskovitch argue?

arguing that Peter’s creation of the holy synod was a successful, deliberate consolidation of absolutist power, and not just a futile conflict between Tsar and church

when did Louis impose the Gallican articles?

1682

what ddi the gallican articles showcase

attempt to reaffirm the independence of the French church from Rome, asserting Louis as subordinate to no one

When did Louis revoke the Gallican articles?

1693

why did louis revoke the gallican articles?

to mend relations in Rome in return for papal support against the Jansenists

when did Louis establish the intendant system, what was i?

1663, appointed royal officials directly to Versailles who in turn could override local nobles and parlements entirely.

what did the intendant system change?

Unlike the venal officeholders they replaced, intendants served limited terms and owed their position entirely to the crown, eliminating any independent institutional base from which the aristocracy could challenge royal authority

when did Peter introduce his table of ranks?

1722

what did Peter’s table of ranks change?

reconstructed the noble identity itself, status now derived entirely from service to the Tsar, meaning the aristocracy’s power became dependent on royal favor

What does historian Lindsey Hughes argue?

Historian Lindsey Hughes acknowledges that Peter achieved genuine administrative modernization, though notes his reforms were modelled explicitly on Swedish institutions-raising the question of whether Peter was extending his own authority or merely transplanting foreign structure

what was the strelsy?

formerly elite and well respected military corps

how did Peter remove the strelsy from their position of power

lowered pay and excluded them from elite campaigns, reforms which fostered the exact opposition they sought to prevent

when was the Strelsy revolt?

1698

what caused the Camisard Revolt?

Louis’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1685

Who were the camisards?

protestant militants

what was the camisard revolt?

a string of armed inssurections starting in 1702 till 1710

what was the enlightenment?

intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries which profoundly influenced political thought and governance across Europe

What three segments are explored in this essay?

political thought, reforms, priorities and the role of the church

What key thinkers in France directly challenged rigid political structure and what did they advocate for?

Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, advocated for popular sovereignty, individual rights and separation of powers, questioning the very basis of the monarchy’s legitimacy

When did Rousseau write “the social contract”?

1762

what did Rousseau’s “the social contract” stand for?

revolutionary ideology, building on the idea that authority derives from the general will of the people over divine right

When did montesqieu write “the spirit of the laws”

1748

what did Montesquieu’s “the spirit of the laws” stand for

built on more revolutionary ideas, providing the blueprint for the separation of powers in political settings and even going on to influence the US constitution

What did both David Hume and Adam smith emphasise?

empirical reasoning and economic liberalism over radical political change

When did Hume write “essays moral and political?”

1742

What did Hume’s “essays moral and political” stand for?

critiques absolute monarchy but warned against the dangers of excessive populism, advocating for a balance of power

When did Smith write “the wealth of nations”?

1776

What did Smith’s “the wealth of nations” stand for?

championed free market economics and limited government intervention