NURS 225 EXAM 2 LIBERTY UNIVESRITY DR. CYNTHIA GOODRICH

Most research takes place in

Academic and Healthcare settings

Environment/leadership that supports research:

TRANSFORMATIONAL leadership

What to things should you highly consider as an IRB...

Vulnerable populations and controversial topics

Independent variable

(can be manipulated) cause, intervention

G-Power

a tool used to analyze many different t test and can be also used to compute the effect size; Determine sample size in a quantitative study

Ordinal Scale

Incorporates order

Can be ranked (test grades, range of income, level of education)

Interval Scale

Incorporates both order and magnitude

No absolute zero (arbitrary)

Examples": Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius.

IQ test.

SAT and ACT scores.

Age.

Income range.

Novel data is...

new data the researcher is collecting for a current study

The Cronbach's alpha is reported as a coefficient/number between...

0 and 1

Orem Self Care Deficit

nursing is required when individuals are unable to fulfill their own self-care needs, which are essential for maintaining life, health, and well-being.

indicates a need for research

A gap

In order for a question to be researchable the researcher must be able to

collect and analyze data.

Quantitative research is (blank) in nature (outsider's view)

etic

from the top down. ex. Environmental Theory

Deductive approach

collaborating with other disciplines within the hospital

Partnerships

Basic research

for the sake of new knowledge

Applied research

study results reach the intended audience

Attempting to create an internal reality of the society under study with the methods selected. This is called...

internal validity

Every academic setting and most healthcare settings will have...

an IRB

Main purpose of an IRB...

Protection of human subjects and study participants

What is informed consent closely linked to...

Autonomy

What are the principles of the Belmont Report (1978)?

Beneficence, Nonmaleficience, Respect for human dignity, Self-determination, Justice

What is benefience?

maximize the good

What is nonmaleficence?

do no harm

What is respect for human dignity?

The right to self determination, the right to full disclosure

what is Self-determination?

(absence of coercion)

what is Justice?

Fair treatment, right to privacy

what is a hypothesis?

A hypothesis is an unproven statement that can be tested

the null hypothesis is...

hypothesis to be rejected.

Type 1 error

(false Positive) occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in the population.

Type II error

(false-negative) occurs if the investigator fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false in the population.

Demographic variable

characteristics of the study participants

Dependent variable

(effect, outcome )

Extraneous variable

(can be "ADJUSTED" for...knew about the variable but it is not a variable under consideration for the study)

Confounding variable

Unplanned; did not know about the variable, "cannot adjust for"

If there is an intervention, what level of evidence must it be?

level 2 or level 3

Level 1 research

meta-analysis

Level 2 research

Experimental designs (randomized control trials)

Level 3 research

Well-designed quasi-experimental design (not randomized or no control group)

Level 4 research

Well-designed nonexperimental design

A Literature Synthesis

•Build from the Literature matrix

Not an INDIVIDUAL REPORTING : reporting out articles individually (that would be an annotated bibliography).

Four Approaches available for a quantitative design:

Meta-analysis, experimental, quasi-experimental, non-experimental

Meta-analysis

(a literature review re-examining and re-working data) from mostly published studies using an experimental design.

true Experimental

RANDOM CONTROL TRIAL

quasi-experimental

an experimental design that lacks random assignment

NON - experimental

Research in which the investigator cannot randomly assign units or participants to conditions, cannot generally control or manipulate the independent variable, and cannot limit the influence of extraneous variables. Includes corrlation, meta-analysis, case study and naturalistic observations.

Two Examples of Quantitative Studies

Cohort Study and case control study

Cohort Study

can be prospective or retrospective; an observational research design (no intervention) that follows a group of people (a cohort) sharing common characteristics over time to determine how exposure to risk factors affects the development of diseases or outcomes (not good for diseases with a longer disease process)

Case Control Study

Observational study (no intervention)

Always retrospective in design (thereby making the study more open to bias), Faster results (due to data already existing)

Can only study one disease at a time (this is a negative)

Probability sampling (random sampling) includes...

-Simple Random

-Stratified Random

- Systematic random

-Cluster

Non-Probability sampling (non-random sampling) includes...

-Convenience Sampling

-Cohort sampling

-Purposive

-Theoretical

Inclusion criteria

characteristics/attributes of the people you want in the study

Simple random

sampling design in which each set of n elements in the population has an equal chance of selection; example: put everyone's name in a hat, random table of numbers

Stratified random

Participants are placed in categories first to assure representation

Systematic random

every Kth person will be in an intervention or control group

Cluster sampling

A probability sampling technique in which clusters of participants within the population of interest are selected at random, followed by data collection from all individuals in each cluster. typically used when seeking a larger sample size

a random sample adds what to a study?

validity

A random sample adds validity to a study by:

Giving every one in the entire population the opportunity to be selected for the study.

As a result biases are minimized.

Non-probability sampling

convenience sampling, Cohort sampling, Snowball sampling/net work sampling

convenience sampling

choosing individuals who are easiest to reach; most common approach in nursing research studies

Cohort sampling

looks for representation but unlike stratified random uses a non-probability approach such as convenience sampling

Snowball sampling/net work sampling

seek additional study participants/sample by asking those already sampled to provide others who may participate

Types of Data

Nominal scale (naming), Ordinal Scale, Interval Scale, Ratio Scale

Nominal scale (naming) examples:

race, gender, preferred mode of transportation: car, train, plane, bus, etc

Ratio Scale (most sophisticated. Can use many data analysis approaches)

Combines interval scale with an absolute zero- a defined zero point

Examples: income, height, weight, crime rate, infection rates, fall rates

Discrete Data:

Numerical data values that can be COUNTED; whole numbers

ex. of discrete data:

total number of students in the class, number of employees in a company, days in a week

Continuous Data:

Data are in fractional numbers (fractions or decimals)

Data can be divided into smaller levels

Data can take any value within a range

ex. of continuous data

height, weight, temperature, time taken to finish work

A valid tool does what?

measures what it is supposed to measure

A reliable tool's measurements are...

consistent

note of reliable and valid tools...

A data collection tool could be valid and not reliable, reliable but not valid or neither valid nor reliable.

How can a researcher know if an instrument is a good one?

Calibration of a tool (for example a glucometer, densitometer)

For a survey a mathematical formula can determine the strength of the survey. This is called a Cronbach's Alpha.

Cronbach's alpha

measures how a survey measures what it is intended to measure.

Internal Consistency.

A measure of reliability; the degree to which a test yields similar scores across its different parts, such as on odd versus even items.

The closer the coefficient is to "1" the _______ the tool...

stronger (it measures what it is supposed to)

Descriptive statistics

(explain /describe)

Range

Central tendency (mean, median, mode)

Percentages

Standard deviation

Inferential statistics

(assist in making predictions)

t-test (difference 2 variables : example results pre/post test)

ANOVA (difference more than 2 variables)

Pearson Product Moment (relationship between variables)

t-test

a statistical test used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference (difference 2 variables : example results pre/post test)

ANOVA

Compares mean values of a contributes variable for multiple categories/groups; (difference more than 2 variables)

Pearson Product Moment

the relationship between variables

External validity

the ability to transfer results of a study to another like population (ALSO CALLED GENERALIZABILITY)

Translation

getting the results of a study from "the bench to the bedside"...applying the science

Dissemination

getting the results of a study to where others can use it (now becomes a part of he available evidence)

internal dissemination

to the healthcare organization (huddle, in-service education, bulletin board, research week poster)

external dissemination

to the organization: poster at a professional meeting, article publication, podium presentation at a professional meeting

A concept is an...

idea

A construct:

more complex than an idea, deliberately invented for a research project.

ex. of a construct

the term "self-care" in Orem's Nursing Theory.

Attributes of a Theory

An explanation of some aspect of reality

Similar to a framework

Abstract in nature

Guides the development of research

Models/Theories Can Guide a Project

Orem Self Care Deficit

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

posits that a patient's surrounding physical environment directly impacts their recovery, arguing that clean air, light, warmth, hygiene, and quiet facilitate the body's natural healing processes.

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