TEMA 1 - TEMA 12 Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards based on the lecture notes covering Earth sciences, biology, human anatomy, genetics, and health.

Big Bang

The event that originated the universe approximately $13 700$ million years ago.

Planetesimales

Particles of dust and rock that collided and joined to form protoplanets during the formation of the solar system.

Planetas terrestres o interiores

Small, rocky planets close to the Sun, formed mainly by silicates, iron, and carbon, such as Mercurio, Venus, Tierra, and Marte.

Planetas gigantes o exteriores

Large gaseous planets with solid cores and many satellites, such as Júpiter, Saturno, Urano, and Neptuno.

Geoide

The shape of the Earth, which is flattened at the poles and widened at the equator.

Afelio

The point in Earth's orbit furthest from the Sun, approximately $152$ million km.

Perihelio

The point in Earth's orbit closest to the Sun, approximately $147$ million km.

Precesión

A slow, circular movement of Earth's axis, similar to a spinning top, completing a cycle every $26 000$ years.

Nutación

A small oscillation of Earth's axis caused by the Moon's gravity, occurring over a cycle of $18.6$ years.

Hipótesis del megaimpacto

The theory that the Moon formed when a Mars-sized planet collided with early Earth, expelling materials that consolidated.

Mareas vivas

Intense tides occurring when the Moon, Sun, and Earth are aligned (during new or full moon).

Estratopasusa

The pause or boundary between the Stratosphere and the Mesosphere.

Ozono (O_3)

Gas found in the stratosphere that absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

Discontinuidad de Mohoroviāćić

The boundary that marks the end of the Earth's crust and the beginning of the mantle.

Discontinuidad de Gutenberg

The boundary between the Earth's mantle and the outer core, at $2900$ km depth.

Pangea

The giant supercontinent that existed when all current continents were joined, according to Alfred Wegener.

Dorsales oce
nicas

Large underwater mountain ranges where magma emerges to form new oceanic crust.

Zonas de subduccin

Destructive limits where older oceanic crust sinks into the mantle, creating earthquakes and volcanoes.

Rocas endgenas

Rocks originated by internal Earth processes, classified into igneous (magmatic) and metamorphic.

Rocas metam
rficas

Rocks produced by pressure and temperature changes on existing rocks, such as piazarra (from clay) and m
rmol (from limestone).

Antracita

The oldest type of coal, providing the most energy and being the least polluting.

Fisin nuclear

The process of breaking a heavy nucleus, like $uranio-235$, to release energy.

Energ
a mareomotriz

Renewable energy obtained by leveraging the difference in sea levels between high tide (pleamar) and low tide (bajamar).

An
lisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV)

A method to evaluate all environmental impacts of a product from its creation to its disposal.

Biotopo

The non-living physical-chemical factors of an ecosystem, such as climate, water, and soil.

Biocenosis

The set of living beings (community) that inhabit an ecosystem and interact with each other.

Nicho ecolgico

The specific role or function an organism plays within its ecosystem, including its diet and relationships.

Relaciones intraespec
ficas

Interactions occurring between individuals of the same species, such as competition or cooperation.

Teor
a celular

The scientific principle stating that all living things are made of cells, cells perform vital functions, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Clula procariota

The oldest and simplest cell type, lacking a defined nucleus; its DNA is dispersed in the nucleoid.

Endosimbiosis seriada

The theory explaining that eukaryotic cells arose from the association of different bacteria.

Retrovirus

Viruses containing ARN that must transform it into ADN to replicate, such as VIH or the flu.

Gimnospermas

Plants whose seeds are not enclosed in a fruit but are found in cones, like pine trees.

Angiospermas

Plants whose seeds are protected inside a fruit, like tomatoes or apples.

Monotremas

A group of mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young.

Gametognesis

The biological process of forming haploid gametes (sperm and eggs).

Cigoto

The first diploid cell of a new individual formed by the union of an egg and a sperm.

Homocigoto

An individual with two identical alleles for a specific character (e.g., NN or BB).

Heterocigoto

An individual with two different alleles for a specific character (e.g., NB).

Biotecnolog
a moderna

The direct modification of an organism's ADN to improve characteristics or produce new substances (e.g., OGM).

Nutricin auttrofa

A type of nutrition where organisms manufacture their own organic matter from inorganic substances and energy (solar or chemical).

Savia elaborada

A mixture of sugars, salts, and amino acids produced during photosynthesis and transported via the phloem.

Peristaltismo

Rhythmic muscular contractions of the esophagus and stomach that move food through the digestive tract.

Alvolos pulmonares

Small sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood occurs.

S
stole

The contraction phase of the heart used to expel blood into the blood vessels.

Di
stole

The relaxation phase of the heart where the cavities fill with blood.

Neuronas sensitivas (aferentes)

Neurons that carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

Sinapsis

The transmission of nerve impulses between neurons via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft.

Glandulas endocrinas

Organs that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate vital functions.

PAS

The acronym for the primary sequence of action in first aid: Protect (Proteger), Warn (Avisar), and Help (Socorrer).