SAQ Terms

Unit 9, 10, and 11 Test Review.

Agricultural Revolution

Innovations in farming during the 17th and 18th centuries that increased food production through methods like crop rotation and selective breeding.

Population Growth

The increase in the number of people due to better nutrition and decline in disease leading to a larger workforce.

Natural Resources

Essential materials such as coal and iron in Britain that facilitated the Industrial Revolution.

Enclosure Movement

The process of privatizing common lands which pushed small farmers into cities for industrial jobs.

Steam Engine

An invention by James Watt in 1769 that powered factories, ships, and trains.

Spinning Jenny

An invention by James Hargreaves in 1764 that improved textile production.

Power Loom

An invention by Edmund Cartwright in 1787 that automated cloth weaving.

Capital and Banking System

A well-developed financial system in Britain that provided loans to entrepreneurs for industrial investments.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The trade that provided profits which fueled industrial investment in Britain.

Transportation Infrastructure

Canals, roads, and railways developed in Britain to enable faster movement of goods and people.

Political Stability

The absence of major wars in Britain during the 18th century that allowed for stable economic investment.

Global Trade

The exchange of goods between Britain and its colonies, which supplied raw materials and markets for industrial products.

Industrialization

The process of developing industries on a wide scale, which increased urbanization and economic growth.

Congress of Vienna

A peace conference held from 1814-1815 to restore stability in Europe after Napoleon's defeat.

Prince Klemens von Metternich

The main architect of the Congress of Vienna, representing Austria.

Tzar Alexander I

The Russian leader who advocated for a Holy Alliance of Christian monarchs during the Congress of Vienna.

Lord Castlereagh

The British statesman who aimed to maintain a balance of power in Europe.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

The representative of defeated France at the Congress of Vienna.

Balance of Power

A diplomatic strategy to prevent any single nation from dominating Europe.

Suppression of Revolutionary Ideas

The Congress of Vienna enforced conservatism to stifle liberal and nationalist movements.

Concert of Europe

A system of alliances aimed at maintaining peace and suppressing revolutions across Europe.

Revolutions of 1848

A series of political uprisings across Europe driven by economic hardship and demands for liberal rights.

Economic Crisis of 1846-47

A period marked by poor harvests that led to food shortages, unemployment, and unrest.

Liberalism

The political ideology advocating for civil rights and constitutional government.

Nationalism

The desire of ethnic groups for independence and self-governance.

Frankfurt Parliament

An attempt by German nationalists to unify Germany which ultimately failed.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement that celebrated emotion, nature, and cultural heritage.

Mary Shelley

Author of 'Frankenstein,' a key figure in the Romantic literary movement.

Caspar David Friedrich

A Romantic artist known for his painting 'Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog,' emphasizing nature.

The Crimean War

A conflict from 1853-1856 between Russia and an alliance of Britain, France, and others.

Treaty of Paris (1856)

The agreement that ended the Crimean War and diminished Russian influence in the Black Sea.

Florence Nightingale

A pioneering nurse who revolutionized battlefield medicine during the Crimean War.

The Unification of Germany

The process of consolidating various German states into one nation under Prussian leadership.

Otto von Bismarck

The political leader who orchestrated the unification of Germany through war and diplomacy.

Franco-Prussian War

The conflict in 1870-71 that led to the full unification of Germany.

The Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet written by Marx and Engels advocating for proletarian revolution and class struggle.

Class Struggle

The conflict between the ruling class and the working class, a central idea in Marxist theory.

Abolition of Private Property

The Marxist proposal for a classless society without private ownership.

The Descent of Man

Charles Darwin's work on evolution proposing that humans evolved from ape-like ancestors.

Sexual Selection

A concept in Darwin's theory explaining the evolution of certain traits due to mate choice.

Industrial Growth

The significant increase in manufacturing and economic output during the Industrial Revolution.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities, a direct result of industrialization.

Social Upheaval

The societal changes and conflicts that arose due to industrialization and urbanization.

Cultural Identity

The shared sense of belonging to a cultural group, often emphasized in nationalist movements.

Medievalism

Interest in the Middle Ages, a characteristic of Romanticism focusing on historical themes.

Nationalism and Art

The celebration of national identity through artistic expression during the Romantic period.

Military Alliances

Formal agreements between countries to cooperate for specific purposes, such as maintaining peace.

Suppression of Revolutions

The actions taken by the Concert of Europe to quell uprisings and maintain political stability.

Bourbons in France

The royal family reinstated in France after the Congress of Vienna.

Rhineland

The region gained by Prussia after the Congress of Vienna, enhancing German influence.

Ottoman Empire

The declining empire that was the focus of Russian expansionism during the Crimean War.

Photography in War

The use of cameras to document warfare, emerging during the Crimean War.

Transatlantic Trade

The exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas, integral to the economic growth of the period.

Patents

Legal rights granted to inventors to protect their inventions, encouraging technological advancement.

Improved Sanitation

Advancements in public health that contributed to population growth during the Industrial Revolution.

Rivers as Trade Routes

Natural waterways utilized for transporting goods, important for industrial economies.

Coal and Iron

Key natural resources in Britain that powered the Industrial Revolution.

Conservatism

A political ideology that emphasizes tradition, authority, and maintaining the status quo.

Revolutionary Ideas

Concepts advocating for change, often suppressed by conservative governments post-Napoleon.

American Revolution

The uprising that influenced European liberalism and nationalism in the 19th century.

Labor Conditions

The working environment and practices faced by workers during the Industrial Revolution.

Economic Policies

Government strategies that promote economic growth and stability, particularly in a capitalist context.

Investment in Industry

Financial commitment to develop industrial enterprises, crucial for economic progress.

Cultural Movements

Trends in the arts and philosophy that reflect societal values and changes.

Textile Industry

The sector focused on producing cloth and fabrics, greatly enhanced by the Industrial Revolution.

Natural Selection

Darwin's proposed mechanism for evolution, where favorable traits become more common in a population.

Socialism

An economic system advocating for collective or governmental control over production.

Liberal Revolutions

Political movements seeking to establish democratic governance and individual rights.

Civil Rights

The personal liberties and freedoms that protect individuals from government overreach.

Kaiser Wilhelm I

The German emperor under whom the unification of Germany was achieved.

Public Health Improvements

Advancements in health standards that led to increased life expectancy in the 18th century.

Historical Narrative

The retelling of past events, often shaped by prevailing ideologies like nationalism.

National Unity

The political and cultural solidarity of a nation, often a goal of nationalist movements.

Trade Agreements

Contracts between states or nations to facilitate trade, crucial for economic growth during this period.

Cattle Ranching

A significant agricultural practice that was transformed by the Industrial Revolution.

Political Ideologies

Systems of thought that guide political behavior and policy-making.

Military Technology

Advancements that enhanced warfare capabilities during conflicts like the Crimean War.

Educational Reform

Changes in the education system, influenced by the social upheavals of the 19th century.

Social Classes

The hierarchical division of society based on wealth and occupation, emphasized during the Industrial Revolution.

Democratic Movements

Campaigns and reforms aimed at expanding voting rights and political participation.