Final World History

Astrolabe

Used to keep track of celestial bodies

Treaty of Tordesillas

The pope divided the world into two sections for Portugal and Spain

line of demarcation

Split the world into areas where Spain and Portugal could conquer

Natives and Europeans

Some exchange goods, were hostile, got European diseases.

Columbus

Re-discovered the Americas and opened it for exploration and colonization

Juan Ponce de Leon

Expanded Spanish territory, discovered Florida

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Crossed Panama and saw the Pacific Ocean.

Ferdinand Magellan

Found a sea crossing to the Pacific, proved the Earth was round, and circumnavigated

Hernan Cortes

Conquered the Aztec Empire

Prince Henry

Funded voyages across Africa and helped lay the basis for the Age of Exploration

Bartolomeu Dias

Sailed western coast of Africa, found the Cape of Good Hope

Vasco da Gama

Discovered a direct sea route to India

Amerigo Vespucci

Claimed that the Americas were a new continent

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Inca Empire, imposed new systems of labor

Hernando De Soto

Went on an expedition deep into Southeast U.S.

Francisco Vazquez Coronado

Expanded knowledge of Southwestern North America

Pedro Alvares Cabral

First European to reach Brazil

Samuel de Champlain

Establised Quebec/New France

Afonso de Albuquerque

Claimed Goa and Malacca and vital sea routes

Alvise da Cadamosto

his reports added concrete geographic and navigation information

Giovanni da Verrazano (France)

Helped chart the North America Atlantic coastline, filled gaps in European knowledge

Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette (French)

Provided reports of the upper Mississippi and opened the interior to French trade

Robert de La Salle (French)

Named the entire Mississippi basin “Louisana” and claimed it for King Louis

John Cabot (English)

Established claims in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New England

Francis Drake (English)

Circumnavigated the globe, was an English Sea Dog and fought Spain

Martin Frobisher (English)

Explored North American Coastline

Henry Hudson

Founded New Amstersdam(New York), had a bay named after him

Cash Crop

Tobacco

Las Casas

Condemned the use of indigenous slaves, instead advocated African slaves

Triangular trade

Europe traded goods for slaves from Africa, Slaves are transported to the Americas, Goods made in America are shipped to Europe

Spanish Colony Social Structure

1st Pennisulares, 2nd Creoles, 3rd Mulatos and Meztizos, 4th Slaves

Columbian Exchange

The trade of goods from the Americas to Europe

Encomienda

A system of labor enforced on Native Americans

Middle Passage

The transport of Slaves over the Atlantic to the Americas

East India Company

A Dutch dominating company exported goods out of India

Commercial Revolution

Individual merchants began to acquire great wealth and reinvest it into business all across Europe

Mercantilism

An economic policy focused on acquiring great wealth and becoming self-sufficent

Capitalism

Private ownership and investment of resources for profit

Joint-Stock Company

Investor buying shares of stock in a company all for a common purpose

Favorable Balance of Trade

A country exports more goods than it imports

English Colonies

New England, Plymouth, Mass Bay

Spanish Colonies

Florida and New Spain

Portuguese Colonies

Brazil

Dutch Colonies

New Amsterdam, India

French Colonies

Quebec/New France

Franks

A group of Germanic people

Clovis

United the Franks into a kingdom and allied with the church

Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer)

The mayor of the palace, had more power than the king, won the Battle of Tours

Pepin

Founder of the Carolingian Dynasty, fought the Lombards for the Church

Charlemagne

Greatly expanded the empire, closely watched his kingdom and the first Holy Roman Empire

Louis the Pious

Charlemagne’s son, a devoutly religious man but an ineffective ruler

Treaty of Verdun

Divided the empire into three kingdoms, weakening Carolingian Kings

Pope Gregory I

Made the papacy into a secular power involved in politics.

Vikings

Scandinavia raider groups

Scandinavia

Northern icy part of europe

Sagas and eddas

Poems and long tales

Jarls

Aristocracy

Fjords

Inlets with sharp cliffs that housed vikings 20-30

Viking ships

Knarr and Langskip

Roollo

Takes over Normandy

Eric the Red

Settles Greenland

Leif Ericson

First to discover America

Valhalla

Afterlife for fallen warriors

Feudalism

A lord would grant a vassal land in exchange for support and loyalty

Manorialism

Self-suffcient lands controlled by a lord

Tithe

One tenth of earnings given to the church

Code of Chivalry

A code of honor a knight should follow

Tournaments

Mock fights between knights for training

Social Classes

Monarch, lords, vassals, knights, peasants, serfs

Knighthood

Dubbing, overnight vigil, ritual bath, oath of loyalty

Page

A servant to the lord and knight

Squire

Maintains his lord’s equipment and followed him into battle

Medieval Church

One of the great powers, controlled about a third of the land

Sacraments

Important religious ceremonies

Simony

Church selling positions

Otto I

Close alliance with the church, crowned holy roman emperor

Lay investiture

Kings appoint church officals

Henry IV

Enemy of the pope tried to depose him, excommunicated and forced to beg for forgiveness

Gregory VII

Banned lay investiture and excommunicated Henry IV

Concordant of worms

The church alone could appoint bishops but kings can reject them

Benedictine rule

Wanted a return to the basic principles of Christanity

Role of monks and nuns

live in poverty and away in isolation

Interdict/excommunication

Excludes people from sacraments and the church

Canon Law

Sacraments, Church structure, marriage, liturgy, ethics,

Church view of woman

Daughter of Eve, weak and easily led to sin or Mother of God, modest and pure in spirit

Battle of Legnano

Lombard League defeated King Fredrick I

Franciscans and Dominicans

Two of the most important friar orders, emphasizing study and treating all as equal

Crusades

Holy wars ordered by the pope

Urban II

The first to call for the crusades

Gothic

pointed arches, flying buttresses, ribbed vaults

Romanesque

Sturdy, rounded arches, small sparse windows

Reconquista

An effort to drive muslims out of spain

Ferdinand and Isabella

They completed the reconquista

Inquisition

A court by the church to suppress heresy

Argicultural Revolution

3-field system, new innovations, better climate

Guilds

An organization of individuals in the same business

Charters

A written agreement

Scholasticism

Fellow scholars who met at the great universities

Norman Conquest

Normandy took over England

William the Conqueror

Took over England as his land, used royal officals to govern the land