History HASS T1 26 🌎

Treaty of Versailles date signed, conditions- gramacarls

28th June 1919, started writing Jan.

• admit war guilt.

• Reparation US$ 33 billion

• army limited 100,000 men, no conscription

• lost 13% mainland to countries -France, Poland.

• not allowed unite with Austria.

• overseas colonies in Africa and Asia given to the allies.

• no air force subs, tanks, battleships

• Rhineland de-militarised.

• League of Nations promote world peace.

• Saar region-coal to france 15 years

Allies attitudes towards treaty of versailles

Georges Clemenceau (France)- revenge for damage, ‘tiger’, support harsh punishments

David Lloyd George (Britain)- believe punishment, private not too harsh- future trading partner, ally against Russia

Woodrow Wilson (US)- treated fairly or, another war, creation league of nations

Adolf hitler

Leader 1933-45 became chancellor 1933, 1934 president dies, becomes Fuhrer/dicatator

Why did Nazi party, Hitler gain popularity

Germany faced economic crisis- Great Depression.

• treaty caused anger, humiliation

• propaganda increased support

• Hitler promised restore Germany to former glory and rid Treaty giving hope

Nazi party key beliefs

1. Rid Treaty, restore nation to former glory

2. Germans- master race ‘Aryans’

3. Anti-communist (Russia)

4. Anti-semetic (jewish)

Nazi party formation and Stormtrooper, ss

• Hitler joined german workers party 1920 became leader change National Socialist party, adopted swastika

• storm trooper- private military group to deal with opposition

• ss- specialised group hitlers body guards, ran extermination camp

Hitler acts of agression/ Road to war in Europe

• withdrew League of Nations (1933).

• 1935: Rearmed Germany, conscription

• Remilitarised Rhineland (1936).

• Anschluss (1938)

• Sudetenland & Munich Conference (1938) – Britain and France appeasement, allowing Germany to take territory.

• Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1939)

• Invasion of Poland (1 September 1939) led Britain, France declare war. 3 sep

Asia path to war Japan

• Japan invade Manchuria (1931)

• 1937 sino- japanese war -45.

• 1940- controlled much of eastern China, Signed tripartite pact with Germany, Italy- become axis power

• Dec 7 1941 attack pearl harbour

• believed expansion necessary bc:

  • large population but small nation.

  • USA and Australia would not accept migrants.

  • Other nations unwilling to trade.

Fascism

government ruled by dictator has complete power and opposition is suppressed by force.

communism

community owns all property, resources, each person works according to skills and receives what they need.

Appeasment

Britain and France followed- did not take direct action in hope war could be avoided.

Isolationism

United States followed - they were not interested in being involved in European political affairs. avoids involving in other countries’ problems

Significant leaders- GB, F, USSR, USA, G, I, J, type of government, when they joined the war

Great britain	Chamberlain/churchill	democracy	1939
France	Daladier	democracy	1939-40
USSR	Joseph Stalin- dictator	communist	1941
USA	Roosevelt/Truman	democracy	1941
Germany	Hitler- dictator	Fascist	1939
Italy	Benito Mussolini-dictator	Fascist	1940
Japan	Hiroto	Military based	1941

war dates start- finish- ELETE’’’’’’’’’’’’

1 Sep 1939, invasion of poland - 2 sep 1945

BlitzKreig tactic

‘lightning war’, three wave attack- air- bombing, tanks, army- germany took control of Poland in 4 weeks using tactic

Reasons Australians joined the war

1. offered employment after depression

2. support Britain

3. many sons of men fought ww1, family tradition and duty

battle of Britain

First significant battle of RAAF, July- October 1940, hitlers attempt to invade Britain, the last major allied power in europe

Hitler already had-

• Belgium

• Netherlands

• Norway

• Denmark

• France

Tobruk

• First major land campaign

• Tobruk, Libya (April – Dec 1941).

• Allied troops surrounded by German and Italians

• important bc coastal port used to transport supplies and troops.

• Allies outnumbered hid in caves and trenches for protection.

• known as the “Rats of Tobruk.”

• dec 1941 allies launched attack and won campaign.

Operation Barbosa

• Germany invaded Russia July 1941.

• initially pushed Russian army back.

• winter arrived,German advance stopped.

• next four years at least 3 million soldiers killed on the Russian Front.

• became one of main reasons Germany lost war in Europe.

axis powers

germany, Italy, Japan

allies

Britain, Russia, US, China

Britain declaring war

• British PM Neville Chamberlain gave Germany 24 hours to retreat from Poland.

• Germany refused, Britain declared war on 3 September 1939.

• Aus PM Robert Menzies followed

Australian training and deployment

• soldiers completed basic training in Aus

• then sent to Egypt for further training.

• fought in

  • North Africa

  • Syria (Middle East)

  • Greece

Phoney war

• period Sep 1939 - April 1940,after britain and france declared war very little fighting in Europe.

Attack on pearl harbour- DELETTE’’’’’’’’’

• 7 Dec 1941, Japan airforce attacked US naval base

• war in asia and pacific began

• President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war on Japan next day.

Japanese expansion through pacific

• advanced through Asia and the Pacific.

• 15 Feb 1942, Japanese forces captured Singapore.

• one of the Allies’ biggest defeats.

• About 100,000 Allied troops surrendered.

• Winston Churchill called it Britain’s worst military disaster.

Threat to Australia

• fall of Singapore made Japanese invasion of Australia possible.

• Japan bombed Darwin, 18 Feb 1942.

• also

  • Wyndham

  • Broome

  • Port Hedland

Conscription in Aus

(1942)

• Due to invasion threat, conscription for overseas military service introduced.

• PM John Curtin originally opposed conscription but believed it was necessary for Australia’s defence.

Battle of midway

• June 1942.

• US Navy defeated Japanese forces at Midway Island.

• major turning point, pushing Japanese northward

Kokoda Track Campaign

• July -Nov 1942, New Guinea.

• Aus forces stopped Japanese advance.

• Dense jungle, mountainous , Owen Stanley Range.

• extremely harsh.

• Local inhabitants helped Aus soldiers -“Fuzzy-Wuzzy Angels.”

• Both sides suffered heavy casualties.

• major Allied victory

Anshluss

• the union of Austria by Germany.

• Occurred March 1938

• broke the Treaty of Versailles

conscription in Aus

compulsory military service introduced 1942 by John curtin who originally opposed but believed neccesary

PM of Aus

Robert Menzies 1939, John curtin 1941-45

Third Reich

name for hitlers ‘nazi germany’ empire which he said would be the Third successful empire lasting 1000 years