Bio 106 Lab - Kingdom Plantae

gametophyte

haploid

sporophyte

diploid

nutritionally dependent on and attached to the gametophyte

mature ones produce haploid spores that can develop into a gametophyte

antheridia

male sex organs produced by gametophytes

produce sperm

closer to tip of leaf

globe shaped

on prothallium

archegonia

female sex organs produced by gametophytes

produce eggs

closer to root of leaf

vase shaped

on prothallium

alternation of generations

generalized plant life cycle

gametophytes alternate with sporophytes

male and female sex organs are produced by the gametophyte then produce sperm and eggs

sperm and eggs fuse during fertilization to produce first diploid cell of sporophyte generation(zygote)

meiosis occurs in sporangia - the resulting spores are haploid and are the first cells of gametophyte generation

sporangia (sporangium)

spore-producing organs of sporophyte

Bryophytes

group containing liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

Thallus

the plant body of bryophytes

Marchantia (liverworts) thallus

flattened, bilaterally symmetrical

Marchantia (liverwort) gemmae cups

on dorsal (upper) surface of some thalli, represent another, means of asexual reproduction

Marchantia (liverwort) gamma

inside gamma cups, lens-shaped outgrowths

splashed out of cups by falling drops of rain

can produce a new gametophyte plant

Marchantia (liverwort) sporophytes

nonphotosynthetic, connected to gametophyte by the foot

marchantia (liverwort) capsule

where spores are produced by meiosis

located on a seta (stalk)

marchantia (liverwort) stalk

(seta)

capsule is located on this

extends downward from the foot

Marchantia (liverwort) foot

where the sporophyte is connected to the gametophyte

marchantia (liverwort) elaters

elongate cells

among spores

help disperse spores by twisting

in humid conditions they coil, but when its dry they expand pushing the spores apart and rupturing the spore case to release the spores

Phylum Bryophyta example

mosses

Bryophyta (mosses) sporophyte

flowering/top part

Bryophyta (mosses) gametophyte

lower part

Phylum Pterophyta examples

ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns

Pterophyte rhizomes

horizontal stems, grow below the ground

Pterophyte leaf/frond

clusters of sporangia where meiosis occurs and spores are formed

Pterophyte prothallium

when spores germinate and become new gametophytes they are called this

heart - shaped

Pterophyte sorus (sori)

sporangia aggregated into clusters on the underside of leaves

Pterophyte Indusium

a flap of leave tissue that covers each sorus

Stomata

pores that open and close on leaves to regulate gas exchange

Pterophyte Fiddlehead

a frond of a sporophyte in a coiled position

break through the ground like this, then unrolls

Pterophyte strobili (strobilus)

cones

spore producing structures

club like structures

aggregates of closely packed sporangium-bearing branches or leaves

dichotomous branching

forked growth pattern in pterophytas

gymnosperm group include

phylum coniferophyta

phylum coniferophyta examples

cone bearing plants

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) microsporophyll

sporophylls of male cones

only live a few weeks

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) microsporangium

a layer of cells on the surface of each microsporophyll that produces spores

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) megasporophylls

sporophylls of female cones

egg

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) pollen grains

microgametophytes

each consist of four nuclei and a pair of bladder like wings

germinates and grows a tube into the archegonium

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) microspore

when mother cells undergo meiosis they produce these, which develop via mitotic divisions into pollen grains

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) tube cell

each gametophyte has one of these

when the pollen grain germinates, these will emerge between the two bladder shaped wings of a pollen grain

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) ovuliferous scale

spirally arranged

analogous to microsporophylls of staminate cones

in mature ovulate cones

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) needle

modified leaves

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) generative cell

each male gametophyte has one of these and a larger tube cell

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) embryo

what the zygote develops into in the ovule

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) seed coat

integuments of the megasporangia

coniferophyta (cone-bearing) food supply

tissue of the megagametophyte

Phylum Anthophyta examples

flowering plants (angiosperms)

anthophyta (angiosperms) cotyledons

seed leaves

anthophyta (angiosperms) carpels

fertile part of flower along with the stamen

contains stigma, style, ovary, ovule

anthophyta (angiosperms) stamen

fertile part of flower along with carpel

contains anther and filament

anthophyta (angiosperms) corolla

all petals

anthophyta (angiosperms) calyx

all sepals

anthophyta (angiosperms) peduncle

flower stalk

anthophyta (angiosperms) receptacle

the part of the flower stalk that bears the floral organs; located at the base of the flower; usually not large or noticeable

anthophyta (angiosperms) sepals

the lowermost outermost whorls of structures, which are usually leaflike and protect the developing flower; collectively make up the calyx

anthophyta (angiosperms) filament

part of stamen that has the anther on top of it

anthophyta (angiosperms) anther

top of stamen; atop of the filament

anthophyta (angiosperms) embryo sac

where eggs form inside the ovules

anthophyta (angiosperms) ovule

eggs form in this inside of the embryo sac

anthophyta (angiosperms) megasporogenesis

the production of megaspores; occurs in the sporangia of the flower ovary by meiosis of megaspore mother cells

anthophyta (angiosperms) ovule

the megagametophyte and its surrounding tissues; usually have two coverings called integuments

anthophyta (angiosperms) double fertilization

characteristic of angiosperms

one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form the diploid zygote, and the other sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus

anthophyta (angiosperms) embryo

when the zygote divides to form a mass of cells it is called this

consists of a basal cell, suspensor, and a two-celled pro embryo

plantae phyla end in

phyta