anatomy review-gastro

GI tract two main purposes

1. change foods into simpler substances to absorb into blood/cells

2. eliminate waste products

two main parts of digestive system

1. alimentary canal: tube from mouth to bottom

2. accessory organs: tongue, teeth, salivary glands, gallbladder, pancreas, and liver

alimentary canal (from mouth to stomach)

1. begins in mouth: teeth, tongue

2. salivary glands (saliva breaks down food)

3. esophagus : muscular tube moves food via peristalsis to stomach

4. esophagus connects to stomach at cardiac orfice (cardia/LES sphincter)

alimentary canal (from stomach/everything about stomach)

• lies under diaphragm

• cardiac region is located around LES

• fundus is located at upper end (cardiac region)

• midportion: body

• lower end pylorus: -pyloric orifice (opening at end of stomach)

• -pyloric sphincter surrounds pyloric orifice

• lining of stomach secrets: pepsin, HCL and intrinsic factor to absorb vB12)

• stomach connected to duodenum (first part of small duodenum)

small intestine

• duodenum: recieves bile from liver and pancreatic juices

• jejunum

• ileum- ends at ileocecal valve, beginning of large intestine

• major function of small intestine: digestion, absorption of food/fluids/most digestion occurs here

large intestine (colon)

• main function is absorption of water/electrolytes

• begins at ileocecal valve

• first section of colon=cecum

• ascending colon=right side up

• transverse=crosses abdomen at umbilicus

• descending colon- travels down left side

• sigmoid colon= in pelvis, form s shape

• ends with rectum/anus

peritoneum

• alimentary canal is surrounded by peritoneum (large, serous membrane)

• covers abdominal organs (visceral peritoneum)

• lines walls of abdominal cavity (parietal peritoneum)

• secrets fluid to reduce friction between abdomenial organs

signs and symptoms (identifying bleeding)

• hematemesis-vomiting of blood

• hematochezia-bright red blood in feces

• melena-dark/black stools due to presence of blood (indicates bleeding from upper GI tract)

perforation of stomach/intestines

• GI tract contents into abdominal cavity, resulting into peritonitis and leading to infection/septicemia

• perforation can occur due to peptic ulcers, trauma, untreated appendicitis

more signs and symptoms

• diarrhea (frequent watery/loose stools that may cause dehydraton)

• constipation (less than 3 bowel movements per week)

• constipation may also be cause by avoiding urge to defecate (pass stools)