ORALCOMM

The process of verbally transmitting information and ideas from one individual or group to another.

Oral Communication

An activity or exchange that moves forward from a beginning point, involving participation from individuals.

Process of Communication

The starting point of the communication process, who translates or converts the message into words or symbols.

Sender

The information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver, conveying the subject matter.

Message

The means by which a message is transmitted, such as written form, face to face, telephone, letter, or internet.

Medium

Translating the encoded message into an effective language that can be understood by the receiver.

Decoding

The person who receives the message from the sender.

Receiver

Interference that takes place during the communication process, distracting both the sender and receiver.

Noise

The response or reply of the receiver to the sender, acting as proof that the message was understood.

Feedback

Communication as a one-way process where the speaker speaks and the listener listens.

Linear Model

Two-way communication that involves encoding, decoding, and interpretation in real-time during a conversation.

Interactive Model

Each person in the communication act is both a speaker and a listener.

Transactional Model

The use of gestures, tone of voice, expressions, body posture, etc. to send a message without talking or writing.

Non-Verbal Communication

The use of words to transmit a message, either spoken or written.

Verbal Communication

Official communication following pre-defined channels, such as business letters, reports, and orders.

Formal Communication

Communication without pre-defined channels, such as speaking casually about the weather or sending a birthday card.

Informal Communication

Body movements, gestures, head movements, and facial expressions used in non-verbal communication.

Kinesics

The use of time in communication, including punctuality and the speed of speech.

Chronemics

The distance or physical space maintained by a person, with four proxemics zones of personal space.

Proxemics

The use of touch to convey emotions and communicate, such as hugging, kissing, or shaking hands.

Haptics

The appearance of a person, including clothing, jewelry, and lifestyle, which speaks about their personality.

Artifacts

The volume, tone of voice, and pitch used in communication, also known as paralanguage.

Vocalics

Two-way process of communication that is important for gaining goodwill and requires clear sending and receiving of messages.

Effective Communication Skills

Communication that occurs between individuals from different cultures.

Intercultural Communication

A group of people who share a common set of norms, values, and attitudes.

Culture

A group of people who are part of a larger group but have their own distinct characteristics.

Subculture

A variation in tone or meaning, often a source of miscommunication and misunderstanding.

Nuance

The difference in how men and women communicate.

Gendered Communication

Different purposes of communication, including regulation and control, social interaction, motivation, information, and emotional expression.

Functions of Communication

the form of language that a speaker uses and is characterized by the degree of formality.

Speech Styles

uses private vocabulary and nonverbal cues, used by people with an intimate bond or who have known each other for a long time.

Intimate

used among friends and acquaintances, does not necessarily require background information.

Casual

used among people who do not share common experiences, requires two-way communication and semi-formal vocabulary.

Consultative

speaker says something that has been prepared beforehand, speech is well-organized and grammatical, uses formal language.

Formal

speaker to an audience without response, language is patterned and cannot be changed, formal rigid and static language.

Frozen

The situation or environment in which communication occurs, including intrapersonal, interpersonal, public, mass, and organizational contexts.

Speech Context

3 skills for effective communication

Listening and responding skills

Conversation skills

Assertiveness skills

• communication that occurs within us.

• talking to oneself

• thinking aloud, meditation, reflection, and prayer

intrapersonal

• involves more than one person who are exchanging thoughts, feelings, ideas, and information to each other.

• most frequently used in our daily life

interpersonal

6 types of interpersonal communication

dyadic

small group

public

mass

organizational

intercultural

• means two

• roles of the speaker and the listener are not fixed, they are interchangeable

dyadic

• consists of 3-15 people that study an issue, discuss a problem, and come up with a solution or plan

• can be study groups or task-oriented groups

small group

• speaker addresses a large group of listeners, also called as an audience.

• there is no interchanging of the speaker and listener roles.

public

• transmission of message with the aid of mass media technology

mass

• interaction of members within an organizational structure.

• it may follow a chain of command or not

organizational

• exchange of concepts, traditions, values, and practices between and among people of different cultures and nationalities

intercultural

5 speech styles

intimate

casual

consultative

formal

frozen

5 functions of communication

regulation and control

motivation

social interaction

information

emotional expression

• Its purpose is to control others by managing their behavior. 

Communication for regulation and control

• words are usually directives, orders, requests, and so on;

• meant to regulate and control other people’s behavior.

communication for regulation and control verbal cues

•  tone and bodily action that accompany the words are authoritative and firm.

• Eye contact is direct.

communication for regulation and control non verbal cues

• It is the most familiar, the most obvious and the primary reason why people communicate.

• Humans talk for the purpose of coming together as a society.

Communication for Social Interaction

•  the words usually used are mostly informal terms and casually delivered.

Communication for Social Interaction verbal cues

• the tone used is friendly, even teasing, and bodily action is relaxed.

Communication for Social Interaction non-verbal cues

• the third function of communication and is the most purposive.

• In this function, persuasion is used to move the listener away from his/her own position towards the position where the speaker wants him/her to move.

Communication for Motivation

• more direct and purposeful words chosen are chosen for both men and women, although these can be softened for children and the elderly.

Communication for Motivation verbal cues

• strong words are accompanied by emphatic gestures and a forceful tone of voice.

• Direct eye contact is necessary to underscore the speaker’s sincerity and conviction.

Communication for Motivation non verbal cues

• It is said to be the most useful function.

• used when the speaker wants to make others aware of certain data, concepts and processes, knowledge that may be useful to them.

Communication for Information

both the speaker and the listener must be respectful of each other’s culture, age, gender, social status, and religion.

Communication for Information verbal cues

• through the use of pictures, calm gestures, and actual demonstration.

Communication for Information non verbal cues

to move another person to action more than regulation/control, or motivation.

the speaker appeals to the listener’s feelings and emotions to encourage him/her to act in a particular direction.

Communication for Emotional Expression

• There are words young people use that might sound insulting to the elderly. Be careful of using English words in different cultures; for example, the word “gift” means poison in German.

Communication for Emotional Expression verbal cues

• when we appeal to someone by using emotions, we accompany this appeal with touching, holding hands or hugging, or even putting an arm around someone’s shoulder.

Communication for Emotional Expression non verbal cues

• use fewer of the thousands of available facial expressions

men

• use more facial expressions

women

They prefer speaking face-to-face and will stand closer to ——- than they will to ——-.

men

just as comfortable speaking side-by-side and are more comfortable being close to other

women

•  use touch more as a show of dominance, including pats, back slaps and shoulder touches

  
  
  

men

use touch to reassure or to build a connection, such as touching an arm to support someone who is speaking.

women

may avoid it altogether or listen with eyes closed as the other person speaks.

men

 use eye contact as a way to connect with a speaker, showing they are engaged and listening

women

5 strategies to avoid miscommunication

never assume that your message is sent clearly

avoid unexplained silence

have a soft, caring affectionate tone to establish a positive atmosphere

always establish eye contact

avoid emotional outburst at all cost

• Two-way process

• It is an important tool to gain goodwill among individuals in a certain community

•  For communication to be effective, two basic competencies in communication must occur:

communication

must be able to send message clearly

sender

receives it as what or how it was really intended

receiver

6 types of non verbal communication

kinesics

chronemics

proxemics

haptics

artifacts

vocalics