ORALCOMM



DEFINITION AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

Oral Communication

  • the process of verbally transmitting information and ideas from one individual or group to another

  • It is not just the ability to talk – it is the skill of delivering and receiving both oral and written messages.

Process of Communication

  • is an activity or exchange that moves forward from a beginning point.

  • It is not an object that we can grasp, but it is an activity in which people need to participate.


Element of Communication Process

  1. Sender

  • The communication process begins with the sender, who is also called the communicator or source.

  • starting point

  • source

  1. Encoding

  • translates or converts the message into words or symbols.

  1. Message

  •  or content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver.

  • The subject matter

  • It is what the sender wants to convey

  1. Medium

  • Or the channel, is the means by which a message is transmitted.

  • carrier of the message.

  • can be in written form, face to face, through telephone,  letter, internet, etc

  1. Decoding

  • translating the encoded message into an effective language, which can be understood by the receiver

  1. Receiver

  • The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver or the interpreter.

  • the person who receives the message from the sender

  1. Noise

  • interference that takes place during the communication process

  • Both the sender and receiver may be distracted by noise.

  1. Feedback

  • The response or reply of the receiver to the sender. 

  • when the receiver expresses his/her reaction to the sender of the message

  • proof that the receiver understood the message.


COMMUNICATION MODELS

  • serve as representations designed to provide a simplified view of a process so that fundamental characteristics can be examined.

  1. LINEAR MODEL

  • Communication as a one-way or linear process in which the speaker speaks and the listener listens

  1. Aristotle’s model 

  • 5 elements of a communication event 

  1. Shannon-Weaver model (1949) 

  •  the first to introduce the concept of noise.





  1. Berlo’s S-M-C-R model -

  • four steps: source, message, channel, and receiver.







  1. INTERACTIVE MODEL

  • Looks at two-way communication.

  1. Osgood-Schramm Model

  • looks at reciprocal communication, where we have to encode, decode, and interpret in real-time during a conversation.







  1. Westley and Maclean Model 

  • our communication is influenced by environmental, cultural and personal factors.








  1. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

  • Each person in the communication act is both a speaker and a listener.

  1. Barnlund’s Model 

  • highlights the role of private and public cues that impact our messages






  1. Dance’s Helical Model

  • communication as a circular process that gets more & more complex









VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal Communication

  • The sender uses words to transmit the message to the receiver.

  • It can be spoken or written.

  • Not time consuming

  • Chances of transmission of wrong message-rarely happens

  • Documentary Evidence-Yes, in case of written communication

  • Advantages-The Message can be clearly understood and immediate feedback is possible.

  • Presence-The message can be transmitted through letters, phone calls, etc. so the personal presence of the parties doesn't make any change.


2 Ways

  1. Written

  • Letters, E- mail, SMS, etc

  1. Oral

  • face to face communication, lectures, phone calls, seminars, etc.


2 Types

  1. Formal

  • “official communication”

  • The sender follows a pre-defined channel to transmit the information to the receiver.

  • business letters, reports, orders, etc


  1. Informal

  • “Grapevine”

  • the sender does NOT follow any pre-defined channels to transmit the information

  • speaking to a person about the weather,

  • writing an email about your holiday,

  • sending a birthday card,


Non Verbal Communication

  • the use of gestures, tone of voice, expressions, body posture, and so on to send a message.

  • It is how people communicate without talking or writing.

  • Time Consuming

  • Chances of transmission of wrong message-happens most of the time

  • Documentary Evidence-no

  • Advantages-Helpful in understanding emotions, status, lifestyle and feelings of the sender

  • Presence-The personal presence of both the parties to communication is a must.


6 Types

  1. Kinesics

  • Body Movements

  • gestures, head movements & facial expressions

  1. Chronemics

  • The use of time in communication.

  • punctuality, the speed of speech or responding to a call.

  1. Proxemics

  • The distance or physical space maintained by a person.

4 proxemics zones of personal space:

1. Intimate: 18 inches

2. Personal: 18-48 inch

3. Social: 48 inch - 12ft.

4. Public: more than 12ft.

  1. Haptics

  • The use of touch to convey emotions and communicate.

  • Hugging, kissing, shaking of hands etc.

  1. Artifacts

  • The appearance of a person speaks about his personality.

  • Way of clothing, carrying jewelry, lifestyles, etc.

  1. Vocalics

  • The volume, tone of voice, and pitch used in communication.

  • Also known as paralanguage

  • Tone of voice


EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS 

Communication

  • Two-way process

  • It is an important tool to gain goodwill among individuals in a certain community

  •  For communication to be effective, two basic competencies in communication must occur:

    • Sender Must be able to send the message clearly while;

    • Receiver receives it as what or how it was really intended to be

5 Strategies to Avoid Miscommunication

  1. Never assume that your message is sent clearly

  2. Avoid unexplained silence

  3. Have a caring, soft affectionate tone to establish a positive atmosphere

  4. Always establish eye contact

  5. Avoid emotional outburst at all cost

3 Skills to learn for Effective Communication

  1. Listening and Responding Skills

  2. Conversation Skills

  3. Assertiveness Skills


INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

  • Refers to communication that occurs between interlocutors coming from different cultures.


FILIPINO

elebeytor

yaya

taksi

trak

apartment

sine

AMERICAN

elevator

nanny

cab

truck

apartment

movie

BRITISH

lift

governess

taxi

lorry

flat

cinema


Culture

  • A group of people who share a common set of norms, values, and attitudes

  • Filipinos, Thais, Koreans

Subculture

  • A group of people, however this group is part of a larger group

  • Ilocano, Cebuano, Tagalog

CULTURAL NUANCES OF LANGUAGE AND STEREOTYPES


Nuance

  • refers to a variation in tone or meaning

  • The nuances of language have always been a source of miscommunication and misunderstanding.

  • You’ve put on weights


THE ROLE OF GENDER IN COMMUNICATION


Gendered Communication

  • Refers to a specialized area that focuses on the difference in how men and women communicate


  1. Gender Differences in Speech Content

Men

  • Tend to a “report style” meaning they use speech that contains facts, data and aim to solve problems. They tend to leave out personal information or anecdotes.

Women

  • Use more of a “rapport style” that aims toward relationship building. They tend to share more personal information and emphasize inclusion of all speakers.

  1. Non-Verbal Cues in Different Gender

    1. Facial Expressions

Men

  • Men use fewer of the thousands of available facial expressions

Women

  • Women use more facial expressions

  1. Physical Space

Men

  • Men prefer speaking face-to-face and will stand closer to women than they will to men.

Women

  • Women are just as comfortable speaking side-by-side and are more comfortable being close to other women. 

  1. Touch

Men

  • Men use touch more as a show of dominance, including pats, back slaps and shoulder touches

Women

  • Women use touch to reassure or to build a connection, such as touching an arm to support someone who is speaking.

  1. Eye Contact

Men

  • Men may avoid it altogether or listen with eyes closed as the other person speaks. 

Women

  • Women use eye contact as a way to connect with a speaker, showing they are engaged and listening


FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION


  1. Communication for Regulation and Control

  • Its purpose is to control others by managing their behavior. 

  • Making an announcement that the community will start garbage segregation;

  • Telling someone to be quiet or encouraging someone to continue discussing the topic.

  1. Verbal cues

  •  words are usually directives, orders, requests, and so on;

  • meant to regulate and control other people’s behavior.

  1. Nonverbal cues

  •  tone and bodily action that accompany the words are authoritative and firm.

  • Eye contact is direct.


  1. Communication for Social Interaction

  • It is the most familiar, the most obvious and the primary reason why people communicate.

  • Humans talk for the purpose of coming together as a society.

  • Allison calls out a friend to come over and join them chatting over.

  1. Verbal cues

  •  the words usually used are mostly informal terms and casually delivered.

  1. Nonverbal cues

  •  the tone used is friendly, even teasing, and bodily action is relaxed.


  1. Communication for Motivation

  • the third function of communication and is the most purposive.

  • In this function, persuasion is used to move the listener away from his/her own position towards the position where the speaker wants him/her to move.

  • Convincing your friend to go watch a movie after school

  1. Verbal cues

  • more direct and purposeful words chosen are chosen for both men and women, although these can be softened for children and the elderly.

  1. Nonverbal cues

  • strong words are accompanied by emphatic gestures and a forceful tone of voice.

  • Direct eye contact is necessary to underscore the speaker’s sincerity and conviction.


  1. Communication for Information

  • It is said to be the most useful function.

  • used when the speaker wants to make others aware of certain data, concepts and processes, knowledge that may be useful to them.

  • A Filipino scientist demonstrates how to create alternative light bulbs to a small town.

  • A weather forecaster on a TV news program tracking the path of a LPA.

  1. Verbal cues

  • both the speaker and the listener must be respectful of each other’s culture, age, gender, social status, and religion. Verbal cues have to be carefully chosen.

  1. Nonverbal cues

  • through the use of pictures, calm gestures, and actual demonstration.


  1. Communication for Emotional Expression

to move another person to action more than regulation/control, or motivation.

  • the speaker appeals to the listener’s feelings and emotions to encourage him/

her to act in a particular direction.

  • An interview with a TV personality telling his/her hardships before stardom.

  1. Verbal cues

  • There are words young people use that might sound insulting to the elderly. Be careful of using English words in different cultures; for example, the word “gift” means poison in German.

  1. Nonverbal cues

  • when we appeal to someone by using emotions, we accompany this appeal with touching, holding hands or hugging, or even putting an arm around someone’s shoulder.








TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT


Speech Context

  • refers to the situation or environment and the circumstances in which the communication occurs

*By knowing the speech context of a conversation, we can easily understand the message and we can make feedback clearly and appropriately.


  1. Intrapersonal

  • communication that occurs within us.

  • talking to oneself

  • thinking aloud, meditation, reflection, and prayer

  • Writing a diary

  • memorizing a speech

  • Positive affirmations


  1. Interpersonal

  • involves more than one person who are exchanging thoughts, feelings, ideas, and information to each other.

  • most frequently used in our daily life

  1. Dyadic

  • means two

  • roles of the speaker and the listener are not fixed, they are interchangeable

  • Job Interview, Two Friends chatting

  1. Small Group

  • consists of 3-15 people that study an issue, discuss a problem, and come up with a solution or plan

  • can be study groups or task-oriented groups

  • Brainstorming on a school project, Team planning

  1. Public

  • speaker addresses a large group of listeners, also called as an audience.

  • there is no interchanging of the speaker and listener roles.

  • Oration, Graduation Speech

  1. Mass

  • transmission of message with the aid of mass media technology

  • Twitter, Facebook, TV, radio

  1. Organizational

  • interaction of members within an organizational structure.

  • it may follow a chain of command or not

  • Memo, Announcements, Reports

  1. Intercultural

  • exchange of concepts, traditions, values, and practices between and among people of different cultures and nationalities

  • ASEAN meeting, Exchange Students meeting











TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES

Speech Styles

  •  the form of language that a speaker uses and it is characterized by the degree of formality (Joos, 1976) 


  1. Intimate

  • uses private (casual and relaxed) vocabulary and nonverbal cues

  •  used by two or more people with an intimate bond or people who have known each other for a long time

  • One-on-One talk with pares, couples

  1. Casual

  • used among friends and acquaintances and does not necessarily require background information

  • Chat or phone calls with friends, meeting friends in a party

  1. Consultative

  • used among people who do not share common experiences

  •  requires two-way communication

  •  semi-formal vocabulary

  • Asking a physician for medical help, Teacher-Student communication

  1. Formal

  • speaker says something that has been prepared beforehand 

  •  speech is well-organized and grammatical

  •  uses formal language

  • SONA, Corporate meeting

  1. Frozen

  • Speaker to an audience without response.

  •  Language is patterned and cannot be changed

  •  Formal rigid and static language

  • National Anthem, Wedding Vows