2022 W Civ Final Review

________- Responsible for the formalizing of geometry in his book called "Elements.

Euclid

________ (generally)- Non- mobile gods (every location had a particular deity) that were worshipped in temples called ziggurats.

Mesopotamian Religious beliefs

________- The practice of determining the will of the gods by observing the organs of sacrificed animals.

Haruspicy

________ believed that gods were cruel beings that created humans to become their slaves.

Mesopotamians

________- A Greek philosopher that believed that society must be run by philosopher- kings and there was a set of perfect ideals that everyone should follow.

Plato

________- The hill in which the Athenians practiced direct democracy upon.

Pnyx

________- A Greek philosopher that believed that wisdom was defined as knowing and accepting that you do not know anything.

Socrates

A battle in the Greco-Persian War that was seen as the beginning of the end for this conflict. Persia had an inferior navy compared to Athens and was thoroughly defeated.

Salamis

________- A sculpture in the classical Greek period that represented the ideal male form.

Doryphoros

________- Belief that happiness is obtained through pleasure, specifically from obtaining a mind at ease.

Epicureanism

________- Athenian ship that had three rows of oars that was constructed after their leader Themistocles lied to society.

Trireme

Under ________, Athens had its fullest expression of democracy including the institution of direct democracy, a process for removing public officials, pay for public officials, and jury duty.

Pericless rule

________- A Battle in the Greco Persian War that was the last stand of the infamous 300 Spartans.

Thermopylae

The ________ allows humans to settle down and create a defined societal structure.

consistency of agriculture

________- Named for the Athenian leader Draco who ruled during its early development when they were dealing with the issue of debt slavery, He instituted a harsh legal system where the punishment for almost every crime was the death penalty.

Draconian Law

________- God of the Underworld and Agriculture, weighed hearts against the feather of truth to determine who could be admitted into the afterlife.

Osiris

________- The southern part of Italy that was previously conquered and colonized by the Greeks.

Magna Graecia

________- A Greek tragedy playwright who is most widely known for Oedipus Rex and Antigone.

Sophocles

________- The leader of Athens when the polis was at its most powerful.

Pericles

________ was committed to preserve the actual happenings of events rather than exaggerating for entertainment's sake.

Thucydides

________- The writing system of Mesopotamia was called ________.

Cuneiform

________ developed an affinity for Greek Culture after being a hostage in Thebes.

Philip

________- Highest judicial officers in Rome, highest authority to interpret Roman law.

Praetors

The practice of determining the will of the gods by observing the behavior of the birds. A famous example of this practice was found in the fact that Romulus and Remus used augury to decide where to build their city.

Augury

________- The first major civilization in Italy that mixed with the Latin people as their influence grew.

Etruscans

________ were a major agent of Hellenization or the spread of Greek culture throughout the world.

Gymnasia

________- The Father of History and the Father of Lies, was known to exaggerate his narratives, often relied on a single source that was often religious in nature.

Herodotus

________- A Greek philosophy that was developed during the Hellenistic period.

Stoicism

________ had an inferior navy compared to Athens and was thoroughly defeated.

Persia

The ________- An example of when the Greeks attempted to quantify beauty mathematically.

Golden Ratio

________- The religion of ancient Persia, sustained monotheism that worshipped Ahura Mazda, introduced the concept of ethical dualism (mankind is torn between good and evil) and our free will to choose.

Zoroastrianism

________- An example of classical Greek architecture that optimizes the elements of beauty that Greeks held dear including symmetry, balance, columns, and the golden ratio.

Parthenon

________- From the island of Lesbos, ________ was a female love poet that wrote about both hetrosexual and homosexual relationships during this period.

Sappho

________- First battle of the Greco Persian War.

Marathon

urged his followers to not only reject religion but society itself as he believed these institutions rejected individual freedoms. Diogenes would mock society by engaging in crude behaviors such as urinating on people

Diogenes

________ was raised as an Egyptian Prince despite being Jewish.

Moses

________ is viewed as one of the ideal Romans.

Horatius Cocles

________- Two main jobs, to supervise public morality and grant /record citizenship every 10 years in the ________.

Censors

________- The school /barracks that all young Spartan males would live in and train at from the age of 7 to 30 years old.

Agoge

________- Father of Judaism, was ordered by God to leave Mesopotamia with a group of people and settle in the Promised Land (Israel)

Abraham

________ adopted strict prayers and rituals in order to appease the different numina.

Romans

________ was captured by the Caldeans and the tribes living there were bought and held in the Babylonian captivity.

Judah

________- The most famous inventor of the Hellenisitc period.

Archimedes

________- The top executives of the Roman Government.

Consuls

________- Female priestesses that managed the hearth of Rome, which represented the goddesses Vesta.

Vestal Virgins

Hippocrates- The ________ that utilized both dissection and vivisection to learn more about the human body.

Father of Rational Medicine

________- Moral: You can never be immortal so you must accept your fate.

Epic of Gilgamesh

________- Civilization that bordered north of Israel.

Phoenicians

________- The female ruler of Egypt.

Hatshepsut

________ created a hybrid society that melded Persian and Greek beliefs together.

Alexander

Urban focus (city driven), clear political structure, defined military system, social classes that are to some degree based on economic power

Characteristics of Civilization

Mesopotamians were dependent upon flooding to allow for agriculture. Flooding was both unpredictable and dangerous. The Mesopotamians had a pessimistic view on the world and the gods due to the harsh environment in which they lived. Although Egyptian society was also dependent on flooding, the relatively consistent pattern of the Nile River fostered a peaceful life in which the gods were viewed as benevolent.

Relationship of Geography to the development of Egypt, Mesopotamia (separately)

Paleolithic refers to "Old Stone Age", hunter gatherer society, "cavemen", relative general equality due to the necessity for everyone to participate

Paleolithic Era characteristics

Agricultural Revolution (domestication of plants and animals) ends the Paleolithic Era

Neolithic Revolution

A series of caves in France that had a considerable amount of preserved cave paintings and provided insight into the lives of people at this time

Chauvet Cave

Non-mobile gods (every location had a particular deity) that were worshipped in temples called ziggurats

Mesopotamian Religious beliefs (generally)

The writing system of Mesopotamia was called cuneiform

Cuneiform

God of the Underworld and Agriculture, weighed hearts against the feather of truth to determine who could be admitted into the afterlife

Osiris

Sun God, every night he fought the snake demon Apophis

Ra

Maat was the predetermined order of the universe ordained by the gods

Maat

The Mesopotamian law code (made up of 282 laws), harsh punishments, created the idea of "eye for an eye"

Code of Hammurabi

Tombs which allowed the Egyptian pharaoh to be entered into the afterlife, popular in the Old Kingdo., Khufu was the largest of all the pyramids, pyramids were located in the city of Giza

Egyptian Pyramids

Akhenaton created a monotheistic cult that worshipped the god Aton

Akhenatons religious reforms

The female ruler of Egypt

Hatshepsut

Father of Judaism, was ordered by God to leave Mesopotamia with a group of people and settle in the Promised Land (Israel)

Abraham

The mass evacuation of the Jewish people from Egypt led by Moses

Events of Exodus

 Moses was responsible for leading the Jewish people throughout the events of Exodus. Moses was raised as an Egyptian Prince despite being Jewish. He was given the 10 Commandments by God on top of Mount Sinai. 

Moses

Jewish law, begins with the 10 Commandments, found in many books of the Bible mainly Leviticus, holistic law code

Mosaic Law

Under Solomons rule, the first temple in Jerusalem was built

Solomons contribution to the covenant

After the death of Solomon, Israel was fractured into two separate kingdoms including Israel ( North) and Judah ( South). Israel was captured by the Assyrians and the 10 tribes living there were “lost”. Judah was captured by the Caldeans and the tribes living there were bought and held in the Babylonian captivity.

United Kingdom Of Israel, the "division" and the fate of each

God promised Jews that he would give them favor and the Promised Land

Hebrew Covenant

Nebuchadnezzar

Chaldean Leader who conquered Jerusalem

The Jewish people of Judah were held in Babylon after being captured by Nebuchadnezzar

Babylonian Captivity

The religion of ancient Persia, sustained monotheism that worshipped Ahura Mazda, introduced the concept of ethical dualism (mankind is torn between good and evil) and our free will to choose

Zoroastrianism

Civilization that bordered north of Israel

Phoenicians

One of the most important trade posts

Byblos

Ancient Greece

Chapter 3

A set of common values that were adopted by the Greeks. These ideals were drawn from the works of the poet Homer (author of the Iliad and the Odyssey). The two most important Homeric values were arete (the continual pursuit of excellence) and agon (life is a struggle).

Homeric Values

The leader of Athens when the polis was at its most powerful. Under Pericles’s rule, Athens had its fullest expression of democracy including the institution of direct democracy, a process for removing public officials, pay for public officials, and jury duty.

Pericles

From the island of Lesbos, Sappho was a female love poet that wrote about both hetrosexual and homosexual relationships during this period

Sappho

Was viewed as improving on monarchy, tyrants instituted policies that would gain the favor of the citizenry, Corinth was the best example of Greek tyranny

Benefits of Greek Tyranny

The Father of History and the Father of Lies, was known to exaggerate his narratives, often relied on a single source that was often religious in nature

Herodotus

A Battle in the Greco Persian War that was the last stand of the infamous 300 Spartans

Thermopylae

First battle of the Greco Persian War

Marathon

A military society after the reforms of King Lycurgos

Sparta

The school/barracks that all young Spartan males would live in and train at from the age of 7 to 30 years old

Agoge

A Greek philosopher that believed that wisdom was defined as knowing and accepting that you do not know anything

Socrates

A Greek philosopher that believed that society must be run by philosopher-kings and there was a set of perfect ideals that everyone should follow

Plato

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who believed that middle class citizens should rule society as they are not tempted by either the rich or the poor

Aristotle

A story written by Plato that defended his idea that philosopher-kings should hold power in society

The Allegory of the Cave

Athenian ship that had three rows of oars that was constructed after their leader Themistocles lied to society

Trireme

A Greek historian who reported on the Peloponnesian war

Thucydides

The hill in which the Athenians practiced direct democracy upon

Pnyx

The Athenians had a process by which they could force people out of society

Ostracism

First example of Athenian democracy, divided Athens up into ten different districts and every year they would choose 50 members randomly

Council of 500

An example of classical Greek architecture that optimizes the elements of beauty that Greeks held dear including symmetry, balance, columns, and the golden ratio

Parthenon

A Greek tragedy playwright who is most widely known for Oedipus Rex and Antigone

Sophocles

A sculpture in the classical Greek period that represented the ideal male form

Doryphoros

The overall purpose of the Greek Olympics was to worship Zeus and establish dominance over the other Greek poleis

The Greek Olympics

An example of when the Greeks attempted to quantify beauty mathematically

The Golden Ratio