Unit 3 Land Based Empires

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that replaced the Mongols, restored Confucian government, rebuilt Great Wall, & sponsored Zheng He

Emperor Kangxi

Expansionist Qing ruler; conquered Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan, & supported Confucian rule

Qianlong Emperor

Later Qing ruler who expanded China further but increased isolation and limited foreign trade

Manchu Queue

A hairstyle in the Qing Dynasty symbolizing loyalty to Qing rule & Manchu authority over the Han Chinese

Tokugawa Shogunate

Military government in Japan that unified Japan under shoguns & enforced strict social order & isolation

Safavid Empire

Persian empire that made Shia Islam the official religion of Iran, founded by Shah Ismail

Shah Abbas I

Strong Safavid ruler who strengthened the military, trade, and centralized power.

Ottoman Empire

Most Powerful Islamic empire controlling Southeast Europe, North Africa, & the Middle East

Millet system

Ottoman system grouping people by religion, letting them run their own affairs while paying taxes to the empire

Constantinople

Capital of the Ottoman Empire, a major center of trade, culture, & political power connecting Europe and Asia

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman soldiers recruited from Christian families and trained as loyal imperial troops, competed with ulama for control

Devshirme System

Ottoman practice of taking Christian boys, converting them to Islam, & training them into Janissaries

Ulama

Islamic religious scholars who interpreted Sharia law in Islamic empires like the Ottoman, Safavid, & Mughal Empires

Guru Nanak

Founder of Sikhism, teaching belief in one God, equality, & rejection of caste

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ottoman ruler who expanded the empire, improved laws & administration

Mughal Empire

Muslim empire in India founded by Babur; blended Persian, Islamic, and Indian culture, replaced Delhi Sultanate

Akbar the Great

Mughal ruler known for religious tolerance and strong centralized government

Zamindar

Landholding tax collectors in the Mughal Empire

Aurangzeb

Mughal ruler who tried to enforce strict Islamic rule, causing unrest and weakening the empire

Songhai Empire

West African empire that replaced Mali & controlled trans-Saharan trade

Politique

A leader that puts politics ahead of religion (like Elizabeth I)

Guy Fawkes

A Catholic soldier, failed plan to blow up the English Parliament and kill King James I

Petition of Right

Signed by Charles I, requiring the king to have Parliament consent to enforce taxes

English Civil War

Royalists (Charles I)  vs. Parliamentarians (Oliver Cromwell), Parliamentarians won

English Bill of Rights

Law passed by Parliament of England limiting the monarchy & protecting rights under William III and Mary II

King Henry IV

First Bourbon king of France, converted from Protestant to Catholicism for Paris

Edict of Nantes

Law by Henry IV of France granting religious tolerance to Protestants in France

Martin Luther

German monk who challenged the Catholic Church with the 95 Theses, leading to the Protestant Reformation

Catholic Reformation

Reform movement by the Catholic Church to respond to Protestantism & strengthen doctrine 

Siege of Vienna

Failed Ottoman attempt to capture Vienna, marking the start of Ottoman decline

Peace of Ausburg

Ended the fighting in Europe between the Holy Roman Empire (Charles V) & the Protestants in Germany

Defenestration of Prague

Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out a window, sparking the Thirty Years War

Thirty Years War

Major European conflict between Catholic & Protestant states, starting in the Holy Roman Empire

Peace of Westphalia

Treaties ending the Thirty Years’ War & recognizing state sovereignty

The Inquisition

 Courts of the Catholic Church used to investigate and punish heresy

Glorious Revolution

Peaceful overthrow of King James II, replaced with William III & Mary II, the 1st constitutional monarchs