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final exam review
classical period
500-323 BCE
Peisistratus
tyrant of Athens; helped the merchant to flourish
Cleisthenes
reforms instituted Athenian democracy (6th-5th century BCE)
Boule
council of 500; sets business for the assembly; Athenian democracy
Greco-Persian wars
480-479 BCE
Darius I
king of Persia; sent an infantry against Greece; lost the battle of Marathon in 490 BCE
Xerxes
son of Darius I; led Persia against the Greeks and lost
Leonidas
held off the Persians at Thermopylae; led 300; king of Sparta
battle of Thermopylae
480 BCE
Themistocles
convinced Athenians to invest in the navy; crucial for Athenian victory at the battle of Salamis
battle of Salamis
480 BCE
Satrap
governor of a province in the kingdom of Persia
Peloponnesian war
432-404 BCE
Pericles
Athenian general; told Athenians to just wait it out and don’t become greedy/power drunk
Alcibiades
Athenian general; Socrates’ lover; went on the expedition to Sicily and betrayed Athens by giving the Spartans advice
Cleon
demagogue; wanted war
Nicias
opponent of Cleon; advocated against attacking Sicily
Aristophanes
comic poet; wrote Clouds to make fun of Socrates
Socrates
ethical philosopher; “the smartest” according to the oracle at Delphi; questioned others and engaged in conversation to teach
Socratic method
asking questions and engaging in dialogue as a form of teaching
sophists
higher education professionals who travelled Greece and taught for a fee
archon
one of the nine ‘city counsellors’ of Athens; 1 year tenure; lottery
demagogue
a political leader that appeals to the people’s desires and prejudices in order to gain power; a politician who acts in self-interest
Sicilian expedition
415-413 BCE; catastrophe for Athens; gave Sparta the upper hand
strategos
general of Athens; one of the only elected positions in Athens
post Peloponnesian war period
404-338 BCE
Demosthenes
orator; didn’t approve of Phillip II of Macedon; wrote the Philippics against Phillip
Isocrates
orator; encouraged Phillip II of Macedon to unite Greece against Persia
Epiminondas
Theban general; defeats Sparta at the battle of Leuctra
battle of Leuctra
371 BCE'; Thebes beat Sparta in a land battle'; Thebes had the Sacred Pairs
Sacred Pair
gay men who fight harder because they love each other; a pair of male lovers who die/defend each other; a unit in the Theban army (battle of Leuctra)
Phillip II of Macedon
father of Alexander the Great; king of Macedon; improved the Macedonian army; defeated Athens at the battle of Chaeronea in 338 BCE)
Plato
student of Socrates; recorded Socrates’ dialogue (hard to tell between Socrates’ opinions and Plato’s); eventually founded the Academy outside of Athens
trial of Socrates
399 BCE; Socrates was convicted of (1) corrupting the youth, (2) bringing youth, and (3) impiety/disbelief in the gods; Socrates’ Apology; he was sentenced to death
the Academy
the school founded by Plato outside of AThens
the Lyceum
the school founded by Aristotle outside of Athens
forms
distinguishes realm between where things (forms) are permanent and unchanging from our world where things are unstable and always changing
Hellenistic period
323-31 BCE
Alexander the Great
king of Macedon; led an expedition against Persia; subdued large swathes of territory and spread Greek culture
Aristotle
student of Plato; tutor to Alexander the Great; founded the Lyceum
Hellenistic
refers to Greek culture and society post 323 BCE
sarissa
a very long spear used by the Macedonian infantry
the Museum
located in Alexandria, Egypt; an institute of advanced study
the Library
located in Alexandria, Egypt; said to have a copy of every scroll that passed through Alexandria; burned :(
septuagint
Greek translation of the Old Testament comissioned by Ptolemy II
Pastoral Poetry
literary imitation of songs sung by shepherds; many done by Theocritus
Note
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