Lec Exam 4: Respiratory system

What is aerobic metabolism?

Process that uses oxygen to make energy and produces carbon dioxide.

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood.

What does blood do in respiration?

Delivers oxygen to tissues and carries CO2 to lungs.

What are the main parts of the respiratory system?

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

What is the respiratory tract?

Airways that carry air to and from lungs.

What are the two divisions of the respiratory tract?

Conducting portion and respiratory portion.

What is the function of the conducting portion?

Moves air to lungs.

What is the function of the respiratory portion?

Gas exchange.

What are the parts of the upper respiratory system?

Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx.

What is the main function of the nose?

Filters, warms, and humidifies air.

What are external nares?

Openings for air entering nose.

What does the nasal septum do?

Divides nasal cavity.

What is a deviated septum?

Misaligned nasal septum.

What are nasal polyps?

Growths in nasal cavity causing blockage.

What are the symptoms of nasal polyps?

Blockage, loss of smell, headaches.

What is the pharynx?

Common passage for air and food.

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

Where is the nasopharynx located?

Upper pharynx behind nose.

Where is the oropharynx located?

Middle region behind mouth.

Where is the laryngopharynx located?

Lower region leading to esophagus.

What is the pharyngeal tonsil?

Lymph tissue in nasopharynx.

What connects the ear to the throat?

Eustachian tube.

What is otitis externa?

Infection of outer ear canal.

What is otitis media?

Middle ear infection.

What is cleft palate?

Failure of tissues to fuse in mouth.

What is the larynx?

Structure that protects airway and produces sound.

What is the glottis?

Opening between vocal folds.

How is sound produced?

Air vibrating vocal cords.

What determines pitch?

Length, tension, and size of vocal cords.

Why do males have a deeper voice?

Longer, thicker vocal cords.

What is the trachea?

Tube that carries air to bronchi.

Where does the trachea begin?

C6 vertebra.

Where does the trachea end?

T5 vertebra.

What do primary bronchi do?

Carry air into lungs.

Where does the right bronchus go?

Right lung.

Where does the left bronchus go?

Left lung.

What are secondary bronchi?

Branches leading to smaller bronchioles.

What is chronic bronchitis?

Inflammation of bronchial tubes with mucus.

What are bronchioles?

Small airways in lungs.

What controls bronchiole diameter?

Autonomic nervous system.

What causes bronchodilation?

Sympathetic stimulation.

What causes bronchoconstriction?

Parasympathetic stimulation.

What are terminal bronchioles?

End of conducting portion.

What are respiratory bronchioles?

Start of gas exchange.

What are alveoli?

Air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

How many alveoli are in each lung?

About 150 million.

Why are alveoli important?

Large surface area for gas exchange.

What is emphysema?

Damage to alveoli causing enlarged air spaces.

Where are the lungs located?

Pleural cavities.

What is the shape of the lungs?

Cone-shaped.

What is the lung apex?

Top of lung.

What is the lung base?

Bottom resting on diaphragm.

What are the lobes of the right lung?

Superior, middle, inferior.

What are the lobes of the left lung?

Superior and inferior.

Why does the left lung have fewer lobes?

Room for heart.

What are pleural membranes?

Lining around lungs.

What is the parietal pleura?

Lines chest wall.

What is the visceral pleura?

Covers lungs.

What is the pleural cavity?

Space between pleura layers.

What is pleurisy?

Inflammation of pleura.

What is pneumothorax?

Air in pleural cavity causing lung collapse.