AA revision: presidents

lincoln

1861-65 POL: emancipation proclamation 1962, supported 13th A

Kennedy

1961-63 POL: supported civil rights legislation ECO: equal pay act 1963 SOC: pressured interstate commerce commission to end segregation in bus terminals

LBJ

1963-69 POL: passed Civil rights act 1964/voting rights act 1965 ECO: great society policy- reduced poverty among AAs

General Ford

1974-77 POL: opposed fed ordered bussing SOC: recognised black history month 1976

Ulysses S Grant

1869-77 POL: supported southern military districts SOC: KKK act 1871- President to use federal troops against white supremacy

Theodore Roosevelt

1901-09 POL: believed that AAs were a state issue SOC: met with BTW

Roosevelt

1933-45 POL: Black cabinet, wife ECO: executive order 8802 1942- ended discrimination in defence industry/fed gov employment SOC: CCC still segregated

Truman

1945-53 ECO: executive order 9981 1948= desegregation of armed forces

Eisenhower

1953-61 POL: signed 1957 civil rights act- little impact, Earl warren as chief justice (liberal) SOC: 1957 sent militia to help desegregate Little Rock school.

Nixon

1969-74 POL: against Black panthers, in comms with FBI ECO: supported Affirmative action e.g set targets in Philadelphia for 12% black employment SOC: against bussing

George Bush

1989-92 POL: signed civil rights act 1991 to enforce AA protections, appointed Clarence Thomas (Black but Conservative) ECO: increased funding and enforcement for the EEOC

Carter

1977-81 POL: had 37 federal black judges

Andrew Johnson

1865-69 POL: pardons to southern rebels, tried to veto 1866 civil rights act SOC: enabled rise of black codes, against freedman’s bureau

Hayes

1877-81 POL: 1877 compromise

Grover cleveland

1885-89, 1893-97 SOC: plessy vs ferguson

Woodrow wilson

1913-21 POL: all black advisers in fed gov fired, segregated the gov

Herbert hoover

1929-33 POL: appointed a racist supreme court judge ECO: hoovilles ruined AAs even more economically

Ronald Reagan

1981-89 POL: against voting rights act/affirmative action, vetoed Civil Rights restoration act 1988 ECO: cut welfare funding