Micro Unit 2

metabolism

buildup and breakdown of nutrients in the cell

catabolic reactions

break down macromolecules, couple with ATP synthesis

anabolic reactions

build up macromolecules, couple with ATP breakdown

collision theory

atoms are constantly colliding and transferring energy

reaction rate

frequency of collisions that cause a reaction

what increases reaction rate

temperature, pressure, enzymes

enzymes

biological catalysts that lower activation energy

turnover number

max number of substrates an enzyme converts to product per second

oxioreductase

redox reactions

transferase

transfer functional groups

hydrolase

hydrolysis

lyase

remove atoms without hydrolysis

isomerase

rearrange atoms in molecule

ligase

join two molecules

apoenzyme

inactive protein portion of enzyme

cofactor

nonprotein portion of enzyme, activates apoenzymes

coenzyme

cofactor that is an organic molecule

holoenzyme

apoenzyme and cofactor, active enzyme

NAD+

coenzyme, electron carrier in catabolic reactions

NADP+

coenzyme, electron carrier in anabolic reactions

CoA

coenzyme that synthesizes and breaks down fats in Krebs

denaturation

enzyme loses tertiary strcture, hydrogen and noncovalent bonds are broken

saturation

active site is always occupied by substrate, catalyzing at max rate

competitive inhibitors

compete with substrate, can irreversibly bind

noncompetitive inhibitors

use allosteric inhibition

ribozyme

rna catalyst that cuts and splices rna

substrate level phosphorylation

phosphate from compound transfers to ADP

oxidative phosphorylation

phosphate from organic compound transfers to electron carrier

photophosphorylation

starts photosynthesis by converting light energy to ATP/NADPH

carbohydrate catabolism

break down carbs to produce energy

glycolysis

oxidize glucose to pyruvic acid, 2 ATP 2 NADH

glycolysis prep stage

use 2 ATP to convert glucose to 2 G3P

glycolysis energy conserving stage

2 G3P oxidize to two pyruvic acid, NAD+ reduces to NADH

pentose phosphate pathway

breaks down pentose sugars to produce intermediate pentoses used for nucleic acids, amino acids

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

produces 1 NADPH, NADH, ATP, used by gram-neg bacteria, archaea, algae

respiration

oxidize molecules to make ATP, final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule

aerobic respiration final electron acceptor

oxygen

anaerobic respiration final electron acceptor

inorganic molecule (not oxygen)

decarboxylation of pyruvic acid produces

1 carbon dioxide, 1 acetyl group

carrier molecules in ETC

flavoproteins, ubiquinones, cytochromes

oxidation of one glucose produces (in Krebs)

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

chemiosmosis

movement of protons across membrane creates a gradient to make ATP

why does anaerobic respiration make less ATP

uses only some parts of Krebs cycle

fermentation

regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis

lactic acid fermentation

2 NADH reduces 2 pyruvic acid to make 2 lactic acid

alcohol fermentation

2 pyruvic acid converts to 2 acetaldehyde which is reduced to 2 ethanol

lipases

breaks fats down to fatty acid and glycerol

beta oxidation

fatty acids have two carbons removed at a time to make acetyl CoA

deamination

amino group is removed, remaining organic acid enters Krebs

fermentation tests

see if organism can ferment a carbohydrate to acid and gas

carbon fixation

makes sugar using carbon from carbon dioxide

photosynthesis

convert light energy to chemical energy for carbon fixation

light reactions

light energy converts ADP and P to ATP, NADP+ reduces to NADPH

chlorophyll a

located in thylakoids in green plans and cyanobacteria

photophosphorylation

light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll to jump through carriers, pumping protons

photosystems

thylakoids with chlorophyll and pigments

cyclic phosphorylation

electrons P1 return to chlorophyll to make ATP

noncyclic phosphorylation

electrons reduce NADP+, water replaces electrons

chemotrophs

use oxidation reduction reactions for energy

photoautotrophs

use light for energy and co2 for carbon

cyanobacteria

oxygenic phototrophs

green and purple bacteria

anoxygenic photoautotrophs

photoheterotrophs

use light for energy, use organic compounds for carbon

chemoautotrophs

use inorganic compounds for energy, use co2 for carbon

chemoheterotrophs

use organic molecules for energy and carbon, medically important

psychrophiles

cold loving, live below 20 degrees

mesophiles

live between 20 to 45 degrees

thermophiles

live between 45 to 80 degrees

psychrotrophs

cold tolerant, live between 0 to 30 degrees, mold refrigerated food

hyperthermophiles

live above 80 degrees, archaea

acidophiles

tolerant of acidity

plasmolysis

cytoplasm shrinks

extreme halophiles

needs very high salt

obligate halophiles

needs high salt

facultative halophiles

doesn’t need salt but can survive up to 2 percent

nitrogen fixation

cyanobacteria use nitrogen gas directly from atmosphere

obligate aerobes

need oxygen to survive

facultative anaerobes

doesn’t need oxygen but uses it if present, can use fermentation and anaerobic respiration

anaerobes

bacteria harmed by oxygen

superoxide dismulase

neutralizes superoxide radicals

catalase

converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

peroxidase

breaks down hydrogen peroxide to two water

aerotolerant anaerobes

tolerates but doesn’t use oxygen, fermentative

microacrophiles

need oxygen but less than found in atmosphere

organic growth factors

essential organic compounds that need to be obtained from environment

quorum sensing

cell to cell communication, bacteria forms communities

culture medium

nutrient made in lab to grow microbes

inoculum

microbes introduced to culture medium to grow

culture

microbes that grow and multiply in culture medium

sterile

no living microbes

agar

solidifying agent for medium

chemically altered medium

exact chemical composition is known

complex media

each medium varies slightly, used for heterotrophic bacteria and fungi

reducing media

has agents that combine and destroy oxygen, for obligate anaerobes

capnophiles

grow best in high co2 concentrations

selective media

suppress growth of unwanted bacteria, encourage growth of desired bacteria

differential media

used to distinguish colonies

enrichment culture

encourages growth of one microbe so that it is detectable

pure culture

contains only one species/strain of microbe

streak plate method

microbial sample is streaked over agar to isolate coloneis