WFC 110L: (SKULL) Pacific Coast Mammals

Aplodontia rufa (Mountain beaver)

Genus, species

-robust, triangular

-apple teeth

Castor canadensis (American beaver)

Genus, species

-lophodont teeth

-zygomatic plate

Erithizon dorsatum (North American porcupine)

Genus, species

-hystricomorphous

-lophodont

-large; orange teeth

Sciurus (Grey squirrel)

Genus

-5 cheek teeth (peg)

Sciurus niger (Red fox squirrel)

Genus, species

-4 cheek teeth (no peg)

Tamiasciurus douglasii (Douglas's squirrel)

Genus, species

-4 cheek teeth (no peg)

-3 internal septa

-anterior boarder adjacent to 1st cheek tooth

Glaucomys oregonensis (Humboldt's flying squirrel)

Genus, species

-5 cheek teeth (peg)

-thin, lateral zygomatic arch

Ammospermophilus leucurus (White-tailed antelope squirrel)

Genus, species

-5 cheek teeth (peg)

-tall cusps

-interorbital constriction narrower than postorbital

Marmota flaviventris (Yellow-bellied marmot)

Genus, species

-depression in brow

-spine projection at posterior end of palate

Neotamias (Chipmunk)

Genus

-5 cheek teeth (peg)

-orbital constrictions equal

Thomomys bottae (Botta's pocket gopher)

Genus, species

-more prominent temporal ridges

-incisive foramina posterior to anterior boarder of IOF

Thomomys talpoides (Northern pocket gopher)

Genus, species

-less prominent temporal ridges

-incisive foramina anterior to IOF

Dipodomys (Kangaroo rat)

Genus

-enlarged auditory bullae

-anterior portion of zygomatic arch expanded

Microdipodopus megacephalus (Dark kangaroo mouse)

Genus, species

-enlarged auditory bullae

-anterior portion of zygomatic arch less expanded

Chaetodipus (Pocket mouse)

Genus

-interparietal larger than foramen magnum

Perognathus (Pocket mouse)

Genus

-interparietal equal to foramen magnum

Zapus (Jumping mouse)

Genus

-myomorphous

-rostrum extends past I

Ondatra zibethicus (Muskrat)

Genus, species

-robust

-prismatic cheek teeth

Lemmiscus curtatus (Sagebrush vole)

Genus, species

-3M/3m

-blocky

-foam-like auditory bullae

Arborimus pomo (Sonoma red tree vole)

Genus, species

-recurved I

-3 lingual projections on 3rd (last) M; deeper than labial

Clethrionomys californicus (California red-backed vole)

Genus, species

-3-4 lingual projections on last M; equal to labial

-rounded projections on m

Microtus (Vole)

Genus

-4 lingual projections on last M; equal to labial

-sharp projections on m; prismatic/angular

Neotoma (Woodrat)

Genus

-long, narrow rostrum and palate

-angular teeth, not perfectly prismatic

Onychomys leucogaster (Northern grasshopper mouse)

Genus, species

-coronoid process higher than condyloid process

Reithrodontomys megalotis (Western harvest mouse)

Genus, species

-coronoid process lower than condyloid process

-grooved I

Peromyscus (Deer mouse)

Genus

-coronoid process lower than condyloid process

-ungrooved I

Sigmodon hispidus (Hipsid cotton rat)

Genus, species

-prominent zygomatic spine

-lophodont

-blocky, robust

Mus musculus (House mouse)

Genus, species

-3 rows of bubbly cusps

-massive incisive foramina

-notch in I

Rattus (Rat)

Genus

-well-developed temporal ridges

-incisive foramina terminates before tooth row

Ochotona princeps (Pika)

Genus, species

-peg-like 2nd incisor

-jugal process

Lepus californicus (Black-tailed jackrabbit)

Genus, species

-broad, triangular

Sylvilagus (Rabbit)

Genus

-narrow

-skull outlined by sutures

Didelphis virginiana (Virginia Possum)

Genus, species

-5/4 I

-tribosphenic molars

-sagittal crest

Sorex (Shrew)

Genus

-5 single-cusped cheek teeth

Notiosorex crawfordi (Desert Shrew)

Genus, species

-4 single-cusped cheek teeth

Scapanus (Mole)

Genus

-bigger

-11 teeth in mandible

Neurotrichus gibbsii (American shrew mole)

Genus, species

-small

-8-9 teeth in mandible

Macrotus californicus (California leaf-nosed bat)

Genus, species

-palatal foramina

-no nasolachrimal depression or split palate

-long rostrum

Eumops perotis (Western mastiff bat)

Genus, species

-no split palate

-1/1 I

Tadarida brasiliensis (Mexican free-tailed bat)

Genus, species

-small split palate

-palate terminates at last molar

-1/1 I

Parastrellus hesperus (Western pipistrelle)

Genus, species

-2 I

-nasolachrimal depression

-5/5 cheek teeth

Lasionycteris noctivigans (Silver-haired bat)

Genus, species

-nasolachrimal depression

-2 I

-5/6 cheek teeth (1st upper one small)

Corynorhinus townsendii (Townsend's big eared bat)

Genus, species

-no nasolachrimal depression

-split palate

-5/6 cheek teeth

Antrozous pallidus (Pallid Bat)

Genus, species

-4 cheek teeth

-split palate

-1 I

Eptesicus fuscus (Big brown bat)

Genus, species

-4 cheek teeth

-spit palate

-2/2 I

Lasiurus (Red Bat, Hoary Bat)

Genus

-big split palate

-1 I

-5 cheek teeth

Myotis

Genus

-6 cheek teeth (1st two small)

-2 I

-no split palate

Puma concolor (Mountain lion)

Genus, species

-1 M (small), 3 PM

-large skull

Lynx rufus (Bobcat)

Genus, species

-1 M (small), 2 PM

-smaller skull

Canis latrans (Coyote)

Genus, species

-intermediate size

-subequal interorbital and postorbital breadth

Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Gray fox)

Genus, species

-lyre (u)-shaped temporal ridges

-no ridge in mandible

Vulpes (Red fox)

Genus

-V-shaped temporal ridges

-no ridge in mandible

Canis lupus (Gray wolf)

Genus, species

-large skull

-triangular zygomatic arch

Ursus americanus (American black bear)

Genus, species

-alisphenoid canal

-bunodont teeth

Enhydra lutris (Sea otter)

Genus, species

-3/2 I

-wide, flat molars

-blocky skull

Lontra canadensis (Northern river otter)

Genus, species

-3/3 I

-4/3 PM

-blocky skull and wide, flat molars

Gulo gulo (Wolverine)

Genus, species

-3/3 I

-4/4 PM

-hooked sagittal crest

Martes caurina (Pacific marten)

Genus, species

-4/4 PM

-1/2 M

-dumbbell M

Mustela (Weasel)

Genus

-3/3 PM

-1/2 M

-dumbbell M

-elongated auditory bullae

Taxidea taxus (American badger)

Genus, species

-3/3 PM

-triangular 3rd PM and 1st M

-stout, triangular skull

Mephitis mephitis (Striped skunk)

Genus, species

-mastoid process protrudes laterally

Spilogale gracilis (Western spotted skunk)

Genus, species

-no mastoid protrusions

Bassariscus astutus (Ringtail)

Genus, species

-4/4 PM

-2/2 M

-palate terminates right after last M

Procyon lotor (Raccoon)

Genus, species

-bunodont

-weak carnassial pair

-palate terminates long after last M

Equus (Horse)

Genus

-I present

Antilocapra americana (Pronghorn)

Genus, species

-sheaths

Ovis canadensis (Bighorn sheep)

Genus, species

-1 lachrimal foramen

-no nasolachrimal gap

-lachrimal depression present

Bison bison (Bison)

Genus, species

-2 lachrimal foramina

-no nasolachrimal gap

-lachrimal depression absent

Oreamnos americanus (Mountain goat)

Genus, species

-1 lachrimal foramina

-no nasolachrimal depression

-no nasolachrimal gap

Cervus canadensis (Elk)

Genus, species

-C present

-longer nasal bones

Odocoileus hemionus (Mule deer)

Genus, species

-dichotomously branched antlers

-rectangularly shaped nasal bones

-longer, deeper lachrimal depression

Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed deer)

Genus, species

-antlers not dichotomously branched

-shallow lachrimal depression

Alces alces (Moose)

Genus, species

-short nasal bones

-palmate-tipped antlers

Rangifer tarandus (Caribou)

Genus, species

-shallow nasolachrimal gap

-long mainstem

-nasal and premaxilla don't meet

-semi-palmate antlers; asymmetric

-one tine abortive

Sus scrofa (Wild boar)

Genus, species

-large, recurved C

-bunodont